총 8페이지

THEORY&CRITIQUE
7
www.theargus.org
APRIL3,2006
TimetorevisitChomsky’stheory
Digest&Focus
Whatistheatternativesof
Variousdifferentpointofviewhasbeenarised
market-orientedprinciple?
stablegrammarformsofthenativelanguage
However, theorists who thought semantics
LeeJin-woo/TheArgus
www.naver.com
ByLeeJin-woo
ByLeeJin-woo
in their brain. Many factors produced after
wasveryimportantfactortostudysyntaxdid
AssociateEditorofTheory&critiqueSection
AssociateEditorofTheory&critiqueSection
that age could have less influence on
not agree with Chomsky’s theory. They
languageability”.
arguedthatitwasmeaninglesstoanalysethe
T
A
he people who study the science of
UGincludestworulesandfourprinciples:
structureofasentencewhichdoesnothavea
lecture was given to tell students
language tend to look up to Chomsky
phrase structure rules and transformational
clear meaning that is easy to understand.
whether the market-oriented
as the most prominent genius and
grammar analysis belonging to rules, and
They presented another example such as “I
principle synonymous with neo-
distinguishedlinguistwithoutanydoubt.
binding principle, case principle, bounding
killed her.” They thought this sentence is
liberalism was suitable for the current
However,theydonotknowmuchaboutthe
principleandcontrolprinciple.
surfacestructureandthedeepstructureis“I
economic crisis. The lecturer was Chang
weakpointsofhistheoriesandthecriticism
Lee Sun-woo, the professor of English
caused her to die.” On the contrary,
Sang-whan.Hewasapolicychairmanin
onthem.Therefore,thenecessityoftakinga
College,emphsized,“Amongthoserulesand
Chomsky thought that the deep structure
Democratic Labour Party (DLP) and is
lookatbothsidesisimportantforthosewho
principles, transformational grammar
calledbycriticsisjustinterpretation.
ProgressivePoliticsInstitutefromDLP.
wishtofullyunderstandhistheories.
analysis is the central core of UG. For
Chomsky thought that language faculties
ChangSang-whanatthelecture
example,the processofchangingasentence
did not manifest themselves past the age of
Digest
WhoisChomsky?
phrase like “I like beans” into noun phrase
twoorthree,andthoughthowhumanbeings
He explained to the audience why the
words, using less rights and shouldering
AbramNoamChomsky,whoiscalledthe
like “beans I like” is called topicalization.
liveafterthatperioddoesnottendtoaffect
economy faces the difficulties. He
moreresponsibilitiesarethekeypoints.
father of linguistic renovation, is the
The former sentence is deep structure and
theirlanguageability.
emphasizedthattheKoreanGovernment
originator of transformational generative
the latter is surface structure, but deep
However, other critics insisted that social
should have accepted social welfare
Focus
grammar. He is the son of W. Chomsky,
stimuliandresponse”.
structure and surface structure are the
environmentandresponseaftertwoorthree
measures after suffering the economic
The realistic possibility of the
who was a researcher of medieval
However, Chomsky, affected by the
relative definitions. In other words, the
age could have more impact on linguistic
crisis in 1997 as advanced countries
alternatives to neo-liberalism depends on
linguistics. He learned structural linguistics
famous rationalists Rene Descartes in the
surfacestructureoftheformersentencealso
knowledge. In other words, they thought
which had already experienced the crisis
the power of political parties toward the
from the University of Pennsylvania and
17th century and Wilhelm von Humpold in
existed”.
language faculty is likely to depend on
adoptedtheKeynesianpolicies.However,
left wing. The mainstream parties in
achieved a Bachelor’s, Master’s and
the 18th century, argued against
The most recent theory, from about 1995
whichsocialclassparentsbelongto.
neo-liberalism flowed into the country
Koreatendstopursuethemarket-oriented
DoctoraldegreeinLanguageSciencethere.
structuralismandbehaviorism.
until now, is Minimalism. This principle
Chomsky demonstrated that all human
fromWesternpowersandsoonprevailed
policies,soKoreansocietywillgotoward
The title of his Doctoral degree was
Theyhypothesizedthatafinitesetofrules
recommends reducing as many principles
beings have the natural ability to learn
withoutanyprotection.Itlookedlikethe
right position if the left parties has no
Logical Structure of Linguistic Theory. He
wouldcreateaninfinitesetofsentencesbut
andhypothesesaspossibletoyieldthebest
language automatically, but did not explain
countrywaswearingthewrongclothes.
political power. Now, Korea is entering
achievedthisdegreewhilehewasattending
notformulatecertaintheories.
method.Chomskyhasshortenedtheprocess
exactly where this faculty comes from and
In Korea, the extreme right wing has
gradually into aging society which can
Havard University from 1951 to 1955. He
After about two or three centuries, while
byomittingdeepandsurfacestructuresand
howthisabilityisconstructed.
overwhelming superiority. All of the
providethesupportfoundationtotheleft
was the professor of department of
putting forward a hypothesis about the
consideredtherelationshipsbetweensymbol
peoplewanttobetheuppermiddleclass.
parties. Surely, it has the potential to
linguisticsinMITsince1955anddeveloped
process of acquisition of language faculty,
andpronunciationtobeimportant.
Attitudes toward Chomsky and
That is why Korean parents want their
realizethealternatives.
attitudesrequired
his own theory systematically based on
Chomsky developed their idea into theory,
ThemostrecentideaisMerge.Inprevious
childrentoenterintoleadinguniversities
He made it clear that opening the door
Logical Structure of Linguistic Theory.
placing emphasis on innateness to acquire
years,linguistshaveusedthemethodcalled
The atmosphere of Korean learning tends
andthestudentswanttoenterintothem.
to foreign countries does not mean neo-
Finally, Syntactic Structures was published
linguisticknowledge.
From Top to Bottom. However, Chomsky
to follow the mainstream of the United
However, the Korean people tend to
liberalism, but excessive opening would
andcreatedasensationinthelinguisticfield.
The theory demonstrated that all human
thought of an inverse method, subsequently
States.Mostofthescholarswhostudiedthe
accept the fact that our society divides
lead towards the market-oriented
Now, Chomsky is considered to be one of
beings have Universal Grammar (UG) and
namedFromBottomtoTop.
linguisticobtainedthedegreeintheU.S.A.
into the upper and lower sides and
principle and cause the economic crisis
top8intellectualsintheworld.
LanguageAbilityDevice(LAD)withwhom
become the professors of the main
inequalityisanaturalphenomenonunder
especially in parts vulnerable to fierce
IdeasdifferentfromChomsky’s
theycouldlearnallofthelanguagesaround
universities, and educate the students in the
thecapitalisticsystemwithoutraisingany
competition with foreign countries. The
ThetheoryofChomsky
the world automatically without any
Without a doubt, Chomsky is a
waytheyweretaught.
questionsabouttheunreasonablerealties.
Korean agriculture experienced what the
A book by Chomsky about the science of
difficulties from birth to the age of two or
distinguished and well-known figure in
This process has been repeated over the
Thetypicalsentencethatthepeopleoften
market-oriented principle was while
language released in 1957 made a
three.
linguistics, but the counter-theory and
decadesand mainstreamstudyhasprevailed
use is “if you feel like you are treated
contracting the Free Trade Agreement
breakthrough in linguistics. Its title was
Lee Sun-woo, the professor of English
criticismofhistheoriesalsoexist.
among Korean society. New varieties of
unfairly,beingsuccessfulcangetyouout
(FTA).However,thecurrentGovernment
Syntactic Structures, which was based on
College, explained, “For example, if infants
There was a great controversy concerning
thinking and philosophic investigation can
of that situation, not giving them their
partyiscontinuingtopursuethisprinciple
Logical Structure of Linguistic Theory, a
are born in the United States of America,
Chomskywhichiscommonlyreferredtoas
offer more alternatives now than education
rights”, which reflects the way of
because the conservative press and
thesis for a doctorate from University of
theycanspeakEnglishfluentlyandconsider
the Linguistic War. Among students being
whenthereonlyexistafewofthem.Passive
thinking.
enterprises put pressure on them with
Pennsylvaniain1955.
it the native language. Likewise, if babies
taught by Chomsky, there were those who
andinertattitudestowardcertaintheoriesis
He said that alternatives to the market-
capitalcontinually.Inconclusion,aslong
Lee Sun-woo, the professor of English
are born in Korea, their mother tongue will
wereopposedtohistheories,suchasthefact
likely to direct the trait of Korean studies
oriented principle was more strong
as the close relationships between them
College,explained,“ThestartofChomsky’s
be Korean irrespective of their race,
that he did not consider semantics when
towards second-rate education, even though
control over capital and acceptance of
lasts,thisprinciplewillnotloseitspower.
work was the book. Before his appearance,
intelligenceandsex,etc.Whentheyarriveat
studyingsyntax.
the theories of celebrated scholars like
Keynesianism.Theworkers’participation
Therefore, the systematization of the
the mainstream of the linguistics was
theageoftwoorthree,CoreGrammar(CG)
Forexample,whenanalyzingthesentence
Chomsky are outstanding and mostly
in management of companies would be
socialweakwhohavethesameinterestis
structuralism and behaviorism from
is formed in their brains. Experience and
such as “colorless green idea sleep
studied.
an example of the powerful control of
very important to cope with the market-
psychology. These theorists were under the
parameter play a leading role in developing
furiously,” he ignored the meaning of this
capital. Wealth tax should be introduced
orientedprinciple.
influence of experimentalism. They thought
UGintoCG,whichisakindofgrammarof
sentence and only examined the structure.
interpreter2010@hufs.ac.kr
to expand welfare finances. In other
interpreter2010@hufs.ac.kr
human beings learned languages through
mother tongue, and human beings have
Surfacestructurecomesfromdeepstructure.
Professor’s opinion
Differentviews
HaveyouevershopapparelviatheInternet?
Russia, Netherlands, and France. These
ByJoHyun-mi
treaties were decided only by emperor,
EditorialConsultant
excludingvassals.Subsequently,thismove
bredresistance.Atthemovie'sclimax,asa
purchasedapparelonlinebecausethecolorof
appearstobeastrongpotentialdistributional
product. Because the Internet is a limited
member of the group of Samurai, Algren
the item was in question. Because sensory
strategy for retailers who already have an
environment and customers cannot obtain
The Column aims to help readers
andtheheadofthegroup,Katsumotobattle
attributes cannot be physically evaluated
established brand reputation from their
tactile and physical product experiences,
against the emperor’s army. In this battle,
when people shop online, risk associated
existing retail channels (e.g. physical store,
virtualexperiencewouldbeessentialonline.
understand films including historic
all Samurai including Katsumoto die
with online apparel purchases may prevent
catalog).Multichannelretailerswhooperate
In addition, through visual presentation
events better with the background
exceptforAlgrenandtheycompletelylose.
consumers from purchasing. According to
bothofflineandonlineshoppingstoresmay
consumers may approximate product
informationabouthistory.
...ed.
Historically, this quarrel made Japanese
Ernst & Young (2001), over 60% of online
beabletoderivesignificantadvantagesfrom
functionality.Displayingapparelonathree-
feudalism end and reestablish the Imperial
shoppers have not yet purchased apparel
brand familiarity among their customers. In
dimensional form may minimize
J
apanisKorea’sclosestcountry,butone
regimein1867.
online because of perceived risk. Because
addition, prior experience purchasing
uncertaintiesofshoppingforapparelonline.
ofthefarthestone.Thisisduelargelyto
The forming of a modern unified nation
apparelproductsmaybeevenmoreriskyto
apparel online is another important type of
According to Retail Forward (2001), about
Japan's aggression of its neighboring
arises from this revolution: capitalism in
purchase online than other products due to
internal information that helps to reduce
85% of online shoppers identified three
Prof.ParkJi-hye
countries, and subsequently begging the
economy, constitutional government in
the unique nature of the product, it is
perceived risk and increase purchase
dimensional images of products useful for
questionofwhyJapaneseareaggressiveto
politics, and modernization in society and
inBusinessAdministrationdivision
important for e-merchants to develop the
intention. Therefore, pre-established brand
understanding product features and
neighboring countries. The answer begins
culture were established. Gendarmes
Internet marketing strategies to reduce that
familiarity or purchasing experience from
functions. However, even though the
with a look at modernization in the latter
attacked Katsumoto’s son, who is also
risk. A key goal is to provide the quantity
the same company may bring a carryover
importanceofdisplayingapparelonathree-
The objective of the column informs
half of the 19th century. In fact, there is a
Samurai,reviling hislonghairandhaving
andqualityofinformationontheirwebsites
effect to the online shopping setting. It is
dimensional model or with different angles
readers about interesting subjects
movie that depicts this disorganization
it cut off.
At the propulsion of
that will decrease perceptions of risk and
prudent to persuade online browsers to
was emphasized by researchers in the past,
relatedtotheoriestheprofessorstudy.
period. That is “The Last Samurai,”
modernization, the ordinance prohibiting
increase the likelihood of a purchase.
become online purchasers. Offering a
in fact, among the top 31 U.S. apparel
...ed.
releasedin2003.
topknots was forced to the citizenry. This
Furthermore, aspects of visual product
discountforthefirstonlinepurchasemaybe
websites that our study (Park and Stoel,
This film starring Tom Cruise seeks to
sceneshowsoneexampleofthepropulsion
presentation may make shopping online
helpfultoreducethehigher(economic)risk
2002)reportedthatonlyonefrontviewwas
explain the different view to Samurai. It
ofmodernizationandescalatedconflicts.
pleasurable and may increase purchase
perceivedbyonlinebrowsersandleadthem
available on 30 of those apparel websites
E
showsoccidentalviewtoorientalSamurai.
Inthefilm,theEmperorrejectsthetreaty
-tailing of apparel and related products
intention.
to purchase over the Internet. This
and visual presentations are currently still
CaptainNathanAlgrenwhoparticipatedin
with U.S., as being impressed by Samurai
hasshownconsiderablegrowthoverthe
AlthoughInternetshopperslookformore
purchasing experience, if positive will
limitedontheInternet.
the Civil War, assimilates the soul and
andKatsumoto’sloyaltythatwasshownby
past few years and apparel has emerged as
and better information to reduce risk, the
generategreaterconfidenceforfuturerepeat
The recent study conducted with my
spirit of Samurai through living in their
devotingtheirlives.Itiscontrarytoactual
one of the largest online merchandise
currentexistingapparelwebsitesarelimited.
purchases.
colleges in the U.S. (Park, Lennon, and
community after being captured by them.
history that concludes every agreement
categories in the U.S. and several other
One of my past research (Park and Stoel,
Asincreasesinonlineshoppingandinthe
Stoel, 2005) provided evidence of an
Let us look through, view and trace the
withotherforeigncountrieswasaccepted.
countries around the world. For example,
2002) found that sensory and experiential
number of online retailers have created a
importance of 3D presentation use online.
events of actual history via this film that
After all, Japan became an absolute
U.S. apparel sales online during the 2002
related information, including style,
competitivemarketplace,theimportanceof
Shoppers showed a positive feeling when
begins 1876, the latter half of the 19th
imperialistnationafteracceptingoccidental
holiday season increased 35% over 2,000
fashionability, fabric construction,
website design and visual presentation has
they browsed apparel websites with 3D
century.
civilizationinhalfoftheirownwillandin
figures making apparel the second largest
coordination, and texture/fabric hand, was
been emphasized. Consumers may reduce
product presentation and in turn, exhibited
The background, latter half of the 19th
half of another countries’ will. It provokes
merchandise category after DVDs. Online
available on only half or fewer of the
cognitiveeffortandsavetimethroughonline
lessrisk.Apparele-tailersmayfindituseful
centuryisahugedisorganizationperiodfor
to reuse the invasion way to Asian
salesinEuropearegainingevenfasterthan
websites. The sparse amount of this
shopping.Forexample,websitedesignsthat
to attract browsers’ attention and create a
Japan. The interpreter, Simon Graham
countries. The representatives are
intheU.S.,especiallyinclothing,duetothe
information provided online may be
use fast presentations, uncluttered screens,
positive mood by using product rotation,
explain Japanese circumstances to Algren
provocations of Cheong-Japanese Wars in
use of multiple channels. Shoppers around
insufficient to generate purchase of new,
andeasysearchpathssupportapleasurable
whichservestodecreaseshoppers’concern
saying that the emperor is willing to
1894, Russo-Japanese Wars, and Merger
theworldareshowingstrongenthusiasmfor
fashionable,and/orseasonalgarmentswhere
and effective shopping experience by
about the uncertainties of online apparel
modernize his nation inviting foreign
Treaty to Korea in 1910. Japanese
purchasing apparel via the internet. Apparel
physical or socio-psychological risk is a
reducing shopping time and the cognitive
product purchase and increase purchase
specialists such as French jurists, German
imperialism caused by this modernization
filled up more than 25% of the online
factor. Sensory-oriented and experiential-
effort of shopping. For apparel products,
online.
engineers, Netherlandish architects, and
continueduntiltheirdefeatofWorldWarII.
shopping cart in the UK, Canada, and
oriented product information would be a
three important visual aspects of product
Research in Internet marketing is
Americansoldiers.Intheultimate,thisfilm
Samurailookquiteromanticandsublime
Australia.Yet,eventhoughinternetshopping
wise addition to websites of apparel
presentation are suggested for success in
consideredasahotpotatointheUSbecause
shows the feud between the emperor and
tokeeptheirspiritthroughthismovie,but
ispopularacrosstheglobe,over60%ofthe
merchants.
selling online: Images of the product (a) in
findings can provide valuable practical
hisfollowerswhotrytoreformthecountry
actual history has explained that these
U.S.onlineshoppershavenotyetpurchased
Other interesting finding from the recent
its closest representation of end use, (b)
implications for Internet markers. Also,
and Samurai who fight to preserve their
struggleswerejustarebellioncausedbya
apparelonline.Arecenttradestudyshowed
study(ParkandStoel,2005)istheeffectof
displayedinconjunctionwithsimilaritems,
topics for future research are quite open
ancienttraditions.
warrior class that dread reduction of their
that these non-purchasers perceive risk to
brand familiarity on consumer purchase
and(c)fromvariousanglessuchasfrontand
because the Internet environment is
Duringthisperiod,theMeijiRevitalizing
strength. The distance between the history
existduetotheirinabilitytotryongarments,
activity. Brand familiarity can be used as
back. Moreover, recent technological
dynamicallychangingovertime.Forus,itis
Reformistheprocessofrevolutionthatthe
written by winners and the history
feelthefabric,andreadinformationoncare
internal information when making a
advances have added the so-called virtual
very interesting to imagine our future
Meiji Emperor used to break down
describedromanticallyisconsiderable.This
andcontentlabels.Sensoryattributessuchas
purchase decision on the Internet. Internet
experienceviatheInternetthatisamediated
shopping methods, but it may not be
feudalism and reestablish imperial regime.
distanceshouldbemadeupbyyoubecause
fabric hand, garment fit, color, and quality
shopperstendtofeelmorecomfortablewith
experience, a simulation such as 3D virtual
predictable.
After accepting the request to open the
you are living in the present that has
are necessary to evaluate apparel items
the names/brands through experience with
online stores or product presentations.
countries’ gate to America in 1858, they
continuedfromhistory.
beforepurchase,butaredifficulttoevaluate
other shopping formats and purchase
Visual inspection of a product may be
signed commercial treaties with England,
online.AstudybyCyberDialogueindicated
products from the websites that they are
simulatedonlinewithenlargementorzoom
kowka@hufs.ac.kr
that 30% of online shoppers had not
familiarwith. Thus,Internetsellingchannel
functions, or by virtual rotation of the

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