총 12페이지

SEPTEMBER1,2003
PAGE9
THEORY & CRITIQUE
http://maincc.hufs.ac.kr/~theargus
T&CTOWER-Revaluatingtheworksofearlydevelopmentalbiologists
Segmentalgrowthofembryos
DivanofHafez
H
P
ave you ever wondered why an
beuncountableandtheycouldn’tevenmake
fieldofembryodevelopment.Christianeand
body parts and develop them on the right
ersian(Iranian)Literaturebuiltupthefoundationof
insect’s legs are placed on its body
a guess, since there were no precedent
Eric discovered three sets of genes, that
places. The homeotic genes also make
the Arabic Literature and had a great influence on
segment,andwhyoureyesareonthefront
examples they could use as a reference. It
concerned with early embryo’s segmental
mutationtooccurinDrosophilia,suchasthe
theIndianandtheTurkishLiteratureaswell.Throughthe
ofourface,notonourbelly?Peoplemaysay
wasagreatriskforbothChristianeandEric,
growth and Edward managed to detect a
mutatedflywith2setsofwings,insteadof
Persian Literature, the Occidental Literature had the
itisjustamatterofcourse.However,there
for this kind of uncertain experiment
groupofgenesthatdevelopsthosesegments
halteres,whichoccursduetotheduplication
opportunity to meet the Oriental Literature. Some of
werethreescholarswholookedcloselyinto
requiredtremendouseffortanditusuallyend
into body parts and decides where the
of entire body segment when a gene in
Iranian scholars in literature claim that the medieval
this awkward question. They were Edward
upwithfailure.Theyweretakingabigrisk,
developedpartsareplaced.
homeoticgenesisinactivated.
Persianpoetryhadbeenspreadedoutoverhalftheworld.
..
B. Lewis, Christiane Nusslein-Volhard and
althoughtheywereyoungscientists.
Thethreesetsofgenesarecalledthegap
Unlikeotherpeople’sworries,thenumber
TheoutstandingpoetofthemedievalPersianpoetrywas
EricWieschaus.EdwardandEricwerefrom
However, the two companions did not
genes, pair rule genes and segment polarity
of the genes that Christiane and Eric found
Shamsod-DinMohammadHafez(below,Hafez).
theUnitedStates,whileChristianewasfrom
give up their hope and made a courageous
genes.Beforeanembryodevelops,itisoval
out was amazingly small. They discovered
HafezisthegreatestofthemedievalPersianpoets.In
Germany. These three curious scientists
choice. They examined about 40,000
shapedbutitsoondividesalongonehead-to-
15 different genes, and through continued
the Britannica encyclopedia, 50-60 Persian Poets of the
decided to find out what genetically causes
mutated Drosophilia and more than half of
tail axis into distinct segments, which later
research additional genes have been found
medieval ages were recorded, including Hafez. Hafez
theearlyembryo-whichistheyoungofan
20,000 genes, one by one with a dual
developsintobodysegments.Thethreesets
andtodaythereareabout25ofthem.Since
affected greatly Goethe (1749-1832) and brought about
animalinthewomb,mostlyinaformofan
microscope,sothetwocouldsimultaneously
actonanembryoinanorderofoccurrence.
the unbelievable success of these three
Romanticism movement in Germany. Afterwards
undevelopedegg-todevelopitsbodyparts.
people,numerousscientistsstartedtostudy
Ghazal(sonnet)hadthechancetosweepovertheworldLiterature.
They all used Drosophilia embryos for
developmental biology and from then on
TheaccuratedateofHafez’sbirthisnotknowntous.Hepassedawayin1390atShiraz,
experiments that is a type of a fruit fly.
moreandmoreprogresswasmade.
thesouthernregionofIran.TheIranianpayavisittohistombtopayhomagetoHafez.He
Drosophilia was very adequate, since its
Later, research showed that these genes,
wentthroughthetimeofhardshipoverthrownthesovereigntyandwitnessedtheadventof
developingperiodwasveryshort.
especiallyhomeoticgenesweresurprisingly
Timur’sterror.
Althoughtheirgoalwascominguponthe
similar to the genes in other animals
Hafez recited the “Poems of Love” which means the spiritual experience in Sufism.
same result, not all three started their
including human, and performs the same
Sufismdemandsself-annihilationforunionwiththeultimatereality.ForSufismwasthe
experiments together. Edward did his
function. Hence the reasons for congenital
remained thoughts of Persian (Parthia) Buddhism. Persian Parhtia Dynasty (B.C.-247-
research on his own at the California
mutationsandabortioncouldbeexplainedin
A.D.224)laidthebasicfoundationofearlyBuddhisminChina.
Institute of Technology in Pasadena, Los
connection with the homeotic genes. For
Hafezusedtotakepleasureinemployingpoeticword-Moon(MahinPersian)whichis
Angeles, while Christiane and Eric worked
example,aniridia,lossoftheirisoftheeye
familiar with every Korean. The waxing and waning of the moon points to the ever-
togetherattheEuropeanMolecularBiology
seems to be caused by a defect in the
changingphysicalappearanceofthephenomenalworldontheonehand,andtotheever-
Laboratory (EMBL) in Heidelberg,
homeoticgenePAX6.
constantessenceofthesameworldontheother.Itistrueoffollower’s(inSufism)newly
Germany.
In 1995, Edward, Christiane, and Eric’s
gained awareness of this predictability. Here the interesting fact is brought into
Christiane and Eric first met in 1975 in
discoveries of genes that govern embryonic
conversationthatthegreatpoet,LeeTaiBaig(701-762),isaChineseofIranian(Persian)
Basel and soon the two developed personal
developmenthavebeenrevaluatedandthree
descent, born in the region of Kirghizstan, Central Asia. He is famous for the poet of
and professional relationship, sharing
received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or
moon,too.
common interest in studying Drosophilia
Medicine.Theyhavelayedthefoundationin
AlthoughHafezlivedduringtheIslamiceraintheFourteenthcentury,herestedonthe
embryos. In the mid-1970s, one of the few
growth of developmental biology and their
pantheisticthoughtofZoroastrianReligionwhichgaveimpactsonBuddhism,Christianity
The scientists of the project and illustrations showing the development of an
reportedembryonicmutationsofDrosophilia
discoveriesallowedustolearnandfindthe
aswellasIslam.He’dseentheworldasSufi’sview,nottobeincludedinanyspecific
embryo.
wasbicaudal,amutationthatcreatedmirror-
mechanismofcelldevelopment.
religion. So the characteristic of his poems are summed up as universality, along with
image duplication of the posterior at both
Nowadays, developmental biology has
humanism.
ends of embryos. This mutation stimulated
analyzed and discussed the results. It was
Thegapgenesreactfirst,specifyingarough
made remarkable progress, such as almost
Generally Hafez’s poems deal with wine, tavern and love (as seen above). Yet in his
these scientists’ curiosity and they formally
harsh times, but Christiane and Eric slowly
sketch of segments along the axis.
fullydecodingthehumangenomemap.Yet,
poemsthesearetiedwithSufism.WineisrepresentingGod’sdew,andtavernstandingfor
began their experiments in 1978 at a small
madeaprogress.
Following,thepairrulegenesgovernevery
we should not forget, as every story has a
aShrine.Atanyrateloveisthemostimportantkeywordtocomprehenditsownmeaning
laboratoryinEMBL.
Edward was in a similar situation. He
secondbodysegment,whenitsmissingonly
beginning, every development we make,
such as literature and philosophy. This book contains less than one tenth of his original
Today, the connection between early
began his work in the 1940s, with no
oddnumberedsegmentsdevelop.Atlast,the
therehavebeenpeoplewhopavedtheroad
poems but it is translated into Korean for the first time from Hafez’s poem based on
segmentation of an embryo and the
guarantee that it would come to fruition.
segment polarity genes refine the segments,
for us with great effort, just like the three
Persianversion.
development of the body structure of an
Nevertheless,hecontinuedhisworkinfaith
so that the head-end and the tail-end look
scientistsabove.
adultflymayseemquiteobvious,butatthat
thathewouldbeabletodiscovernewfacts
different.
time it was the road not many scientists
inthefieldofdevelopmentalbiology.
The genes that Edward discovered, later
ByShinGyu-seob
risked to take. Most of them though t they
After years of work their efforts finally
namedhomeoticgenes,actafterthesegenes.
ByLeeHyae-myung
LecturerofIranianDepartment
would end up with no specific results. The
came through. They were the ones who
Afterthreegenesdevelopthesegments,the
ReporterofTheory&CritiqueSection
numberofgenestheywerelookingforcould
made the way of the breakthrough in the
homeoticgenestransformthemintospecific
GettingaglimpseofEinstein’sreallifeandhisthoughts
AlbertEinstein,hislife,hisworks,andhisthoughts
Traceofahero
W
hen we think of Einstein the first
He is one of the most famous person on
AfterphysicsEinsteinconcentratedontwo
lettershewrotebacktomanypeople.Many
thing that comes into our mind is
thisearth.Hisworkshavebeenthebasisof
things.Onewasalifethatleadhumanityand
letters and Einstein’s notes are displayed,
“E=MC
.” Yes, he is the most famous and
modern science and his words have been
acted as a peace ideologist. He worked 40
also the letter from the Isralian government
2
U
usallyinthevacationtime,itiseasy
OhSae-hoonTheArgus
greatest physicist that there ever was. But
famously quoted many times. But even
yearsofhislifetoputawaywar.Heliveda
requiringhimtobecomepresidentisshown
to witness the scene that children
thistimetheexhibitionlookedintothelifeof
though people know all of this his lifestyle
devoted life for peace. The other was
too. Even the Nobel Prize proof certificate
areswarminginmanyexhibitions.So,the
Einsteinotherthanhisworks.
and his thoughts were never known that
keepinghisidentityasaJewishandhelping
canbeseen.
reporter expected about the same and
Albert Einstein, the man of the century
muchtothepublic.
hisfellowJewishpeople.Healsotriedhard
Theexhibitionwassomewhatsmallerthan
walked into the building where the
was shown from August 5 to August 30 at
This exhibition has a meaning in that
to develop a Jewish country. Like this
expected but it’s contents were full enough
exhibitionwasheld.
theLGsciencehallsupportedbytheHebrew
matter.Theexhibitionshowsthelifeofhim
Einsein’s devotion to the world is shown at
to know of the other life side of Einstein.
A lot of people were waiting in line to
UniversityofJerusalem.
andhisthoughtsonthewarandhispolitical
theexhibition.Inthesciencehalltheletters
Even though Einstein studied some boring
buy tickets for the exhibition there were,
So far many introductions and studies
position and so on. These matters were not
from children and his quotes to them are
stuffhislifewasn’tatallboring.
as expected, a lot of children and some
have been shown about Einstein, so
shown much before, therefore the displays
shown.
parents. But some that looked as
practically everyone knows about his life
gave a somewhat brand new feeling of
Allkindsoflettersfromvariouspeoplehe
ByOhSae-hoon/TheArgus
university students were there also.
works.
Einstein.
did not miss. His wit is shown right in the
Interestingly,itwasn’thardtofindyoung
people that looked as college students.
commander, his life with Josephine, the
Sparingintothe“Crowdmind”thatliesbeyondus
Thereporterwalkeduptooneofthemand
daysofhisgloryandfailure.
asked, “How did you come here?” The
Especially one part draw attention, the
answercamewithoutanyhesitation,“Me
part when Napoleon became the king.
Crowdmindinthe“Lordoftheflies”
and my friends wanted to do something
WhenNapoleonbuilthisempire,thefirst
else other than just going to the movies
rule of his constitution was, “The power
this summer. I have been always
of the commonwealth belongs to the
interestedinNapoleonsinceIwasyoung,
France emperor, and that emperor is
“
T
sowhenIheardthisexhibitionwasgoing
NapoleonBonnaparre.”Wecanseeinthis
here were dark shadows hanging
Avoidingcriticalsituationsinacriticalstate
tobeheldImadeupmymindtocome.”
quotehowmuchofpowerhehadduring
over everyone’s face when they
is called a “panic,” and yet a crowd who
Walking into the exhibition hall, the
thetime.
heardoftherumorthatamonsterwasinthe
attacks a certain target is called “rioters.”
reporter wasn’t able to find anything
The exhibition also introduced
island.Scared,onebyonethekidsdecideto
Thesearethetwobehaviorsofacrowd.
peculiar about the exhibition way or the
Napoleon’s many battles through
joinJack’sgangwhichtheyfeelmoresafeat
These two behaviors are analyzed in four
structure of it. The pamphlet that was
paintings that were drawn ages ago. The
thepresentsituation.OnlyRalphandPiggy
tpyes; the leader, intimacy of the members,
Ralph (right)
handed out in the entrance read “Real
paintings made it easy to understand his
are left on the beach shore seeking for
superiorismonthetarget,andvitality.
and Jack are
remains from France.” At first, it wasn’t
battlesandwars.
rescue.”
In a moment of panic, we can avoid
thetwoleaders
convincing, but once looking thoroughly
Iftherewastopointoutonethingofthe
At the time of when Europe was in the
destruction,ifthereisaleader,butintimes
of each group
around each exhibition room the air was
exhibition, the contents of the exhibition
dangerofanuclearwarcoming,theEnglish
ofariot,fallingintocriticalsituationscanbe
that seeks for
fullofNapoleonandhisremains.Looking
were not caught up to its title “Napoleon
decidestotake25boysawaytoasafeplace
simple. Intimacy in the case of panic may
rescue
and
attheremainsandthinkingtheywerethe
& Josephine.” Most part of the zones
from war. But everything starts when the
helpavoidingcriticalconditions,butinriots
survival.
things that Napoleon really used with his
explainedonlyaboutthelifeofNapoleon,
plane with the boys crash into the sea.
itcanplayanoppositerolebecausestronger
hands, it was very exciting. One of the
notabout“Napoleon&Josephine.”Only
FortunatelytheboysincludingRalph,Piggy,
irresponsibility makes the crowd more
staffmembersoftheexhibitionexplained,
a small part of the exhibition was
JackandRogercomeuponadesertedisland.
excited. Finally, in terms of vitality,
“There are about two hundred real relics
introducing the historic love story. More
Trappedintheislandthegangfindsaplace
physiological weakness can easily cause a
that Napoleon and his wife, Josephine,
explanation would have made the
tostayandfindsfoodintheorderofRalph
riot in a “panic” situation. Thus, a behavior
used.Theserelicscamedirectlyfromthe
exhibitionmorevaluabletowatch.Alsoin
and Piggy. They try to maintain close to
of a riot is seriously with respect to of the
Malmaison museum in France.”
thelastzone“LifeattheImperialCourt.”
civilization as possible, while keeping rules
mind, which occurs when large crowds do
intimacism.Threeofthemareimportantand
“crowdmind.”
MalmaisonwastheplacewhereNapoleon
Most relics there were of Marie louise,
tostableorderbetweenthemselves.ButJack
something that is superior to their original
difficult to understand. Firstly, nameless
Usually the “crowd mind” causes
andJosephinelivedduringtheirmarriage.
Napoleon’s second wife. Somewhat
and Roger break away from the group
stateofmind.Thismindcanoftenbeseenin
meansthattheonewhofallsintothecrowd
irreversibleproblemsinthesociety.Itisvery
The staff member continued, “There is
confused, most people would have
calling themselves “hunters.” And as
our society and its hazardness should be
becomesapartofitandfindhimorherself
easyforpeopletofallinthisstatusbeforewe
just one painting that is not real;
thought the title should have been
everybody hears the rumor that there is a
known.Whenafirebreaksout,forexample,
withoutanyopinionoftheirown.Itbecomes
know it. In the movie this “crowd mind”
CoronationofNapoleon.Accordingtothe
something else. How ever the exhibition
monsterintheisland,afeelingofpanicfalls
mostpeoplestartrunning,wavingtheirarms
a big problem as people face self-
causesaterrifyingdisaster.Itisalloverour
Louvre Museum, the painting has never
wasworthwatching.
overeveryone.
and screaming in horror as they run. One
effacement. Secondly, the mental state of
livingsociety;demonstrations,ralliesaround
been out of France because of its
Theexhibitionisheldonthefirstfloor
As we can see from the preview
personseesthisandheorshedoesthesame
darknessdenotesthat,asthecrowd’sinterest
us is part of this “crowd mind” too.
uncountablevalue.So,wehaditscanned
oftheSeoulmuseumofhistory.Achance
explanationofthemovieabove,thestateof
thing in panic so forth. And then, if
is concentrated on only one matter,
Sometimesweshouldlookafterouractions
inasmallsize.It’sashamewecan’tseeit
toseetheexhibitionisuntilSeptember20.
mind of one person leads on to another
everybody starts running off in panic like
resistance on the influence from the outside
andbehaviorsjusttocheckifwearenotthe
forreal.ButIthinkit’sforthebest.”
person and this goes on and on until
thiswho’sgoingtoputoutthefire?Thisis
is very weak. Lastly intimacism spreads in
type of the person who easily falls into this
The exhibition is of eleven parts; they
everybody is aware of the problem that lies
one example of the negative side of the
the crowd since they feel comfortable in a
stateofmind.Areyou?
are mostly about the Bonaparre family
upon them. This causes panic in the gang.
“crowdmind.”
crowdwhereeveryonehasthesamethought
ByOhSae-hoon
(BonnaparreisNapoleon’sfamilyname),
Thismaybeanexampleofwhatwecallthe
Therearesixcommonmentalstateofthe
ofhimorherself.
AssociateEditorofTheory&CritiqueSection
ByOhSae-hoon
his youth, how he became an ambitious
“crowdmind.”
crowd; namelessness, irresponsibility,
Now, the crowd’s behavior is another
AssociateEditorofTheory&Critiquesection
The “crowd mind” is a social state of
uncriticism, being emotional, darkness, and
important part of the “crowd mind.”

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