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THEARGUS,MARCH1,1999
INTERNATIONAL
ThespreadofIslamicnationalismthroughoutwholeIslam
/WimDuisenberg
20YearsAfterIslamicRevolution
NewCaptinof Ship‘Euro’
way. But it made Iranians pay dear
America made the life standard of
president Khatami said that he
Netherlands in 1969, he taught ma-
his winning means that political
for the freedom and democracy. The
Iranianssteadilydeclined.Corruption,
favoured a dialogue with America
croeconomics at the University of
relationbetweenmanypowersinEU.
Shah’s army fired on demonstrators
crime,drugaddictionandothersocial
and president Bill Clinton welcomed
Amsterdam. At the age of 38, he
Concerned with his appointment, he
and 60 thousands among them were
problems were widespreaded. Iran-
the gesture. In February, 1998,
being finance minister in the cabinet
is criticised by other countries
killed during 10 days. The eager for
iansgotdisappointedatthepolicyof
American wrestlers visited Iran to
of Social Democratic by Prime
because he has applying policies
the freedom, however, gained the
hardliners including revolutionary
take part in a prestigious tournament
MinisterJoopdenUylin1973.
similar to German’s. ‘Bundesbank
final victory over the dictatorship of
Ulemas and their disappointment
and Iranian crowds cheered them in
Then, the golf-playing father of
clone’ analysts say to his economic
Shah.OnFebruary11,“TheVoiceof
extended to complaints against the
the stadium. In September, 1998,
threewithaloveofliteraturetookup
policy.
Revolution” through national raido
hardliner’s government. Their com-
president Khatami visited America
his key post as head of the Dutch
After resigning EMI’s president,
broadcasting cried out “Shah raft!
plaints and displeasures came up to
and delivered a speech at the U.N.
Central Bank in 1982, being the top
Duisenberg was widely expected to
ShinYang-sup
(TheKingwent)”andannouncedthe
thesurfacesinceAyatollahKhomeini
GeneralAssemblyafterClinton.
guardianofnationalmonetarypolicy,
becometheECB’sfirstleader.Atthat
foundation of theocratic state, the
louder.
Due to these facts, America and
holding the position until 1997.
time, France proposed a rival
I.Introduction
IslamicRepulicofIran.
The result of the presidental
westerncountriesexpectthatIranwill
Duringhisterminoffice,hewonthe
candidate, Jean-Claude Trichet, the
years have passed since
TheIslamicRevolutionofIranwas
electionin1987showswellIranians’
openherdoorandwalkonthesame
recognitionfromEuropeans.
France central banker and a good
20
Islamic Revolution of Iran
thelandmarkofworldhistoryaswell
hope and will for reformation.
way with them. But it is a great
In his 16 years at the helm of the
friend of Duisenberg’s. But with
broke out and Islamic Republic of
as Middle East history. From the
Hoping for change, more than 20
mistake.InIranhardlinersretaintheir
institution, he turned the Netherlands
German’s support, Duisenberg, was
Iran was established. Iranians have
viewpoint of ‘the popular revolution
millions of Iranians-many of them
grip on much of the real power,
iththelaunchoftheEuropean
intoasignificanteconomicpowerby
able to be elected as the president of
W
undergoneagreatchangeduringlast
from the lower classes’, it can be
woman and young people-voted for
despite Khatami’s massive pop-
Union’s common currency,
strengthening the national currency,
ECB, has eight-years ahead in the
20years.Afterthegreatchange,they
comparedwiththeFrenchRevolution
MohammadKhatamiwhoadvocated
ularity. There is little prospect for an
Euro in January the head of the new
reducing interest rates and ultimately
office.
arenowonthehornsofdilemmaand
in Europe. In those dark days when
reformationandhewaselectedasthe
early breakthrough in political
EuropeanCentralBank(ECB),Wim
ushering in period of economic
Because he is conservative and
standing at the turning point of
the westernized paradime dominated
7th president of Islamic Republic of
relations with America and western
DuisenbergtheformerDutchFinance
stability.
prefers stability of price to succeed
foreign policy. Through this paper,
theworldandstandardizedvaluewas
Iran. After his accession to the
countries. It depends completely on
Minister and former of the
After becoming Dutch Central
with euro, his decision may bring
therefore, I would like to retrospect
demanded, the Islamic Revolution
president, Iranian society is on the
the attitude of America, as Khatami
Netherlands’ Central Bank, as the
Bankpresident,Dusenberglinkedthe
aboutfrictionamongthecountriesof
thelast20yearsofIranandprospect
gaveagreathopeandcouragetothe
move. Many things which was
said: “Relation between American
oldest Europe’s Economic manager,
Dutchcurrency,theguilder,tightlyto
EU.
herfuture.
suppressedraces.
prohibited before according to
andusdependsontheattitudechange
has become one of the world’s most
thestrongGermandeutschmark.That
In fact, many countries in Euro
In spite of successful revolution,
Shariah (Islamic law), are permitted
of America against Iran. Un-
powerfulcentralbankers.
move helped significantly in turning
wanttocutdownthepricestoresolve
II.Thebeginningofrevolution
however,thefutureofIranwasnotin
again and women are more active
fortunatelyIfeelnochange.Thekey
Duisenberg’s job is to oversee the
the guilder into one of the strongest
the unemployment problems. So the
The Tehran international airport
favorable circumstances. The leaders
thanbefore.
to solve the problem belong to
introductionofthesinglecurrencyof
Europeancurrenciesandtransforming
administrate of German and France
was veiled in a great tension on
of Revolutionary Committee headed
America,nottous.”
11EUmemberstateswhichwillform
the ‘Dutch Disease’ of the early
requireloweringtheinterestrates.But
IV.RelationwiththeU.S.
February 1, 1979, for Ayatollah
by Ayatollah Khomeini indicated
bigmarketwithUnitedstates.Hehas
1980s into the ‘Dutch Miracle’ of
ECB has set its goal just in price
Ruhollah Khomeini was on his way
America as a protector of Pahlavi’s
ForeignpolicyofIranwaschanged
been compared to Alan Greenspan
moderndays.
stabilization. To prove this, Dui-
home by Air France after 15 years’
dictatorship and called America “the
much after his election. Through the
theheadoftheU.S.FederalReserve,
He became the president of the
senberg had decide on 3% interest
Thewriterisalecturerof PersianDept.
lifeinexile.Hewasagreatleaderof
great Satan”. With the forcible
interview with CNN in early 1998,
inotherwords,somesaysDuisenberg
European Monetary Institute (EMI),
rates to all of 11 countries in Euro.
the resistance against Reza Shah
occupation of American embassy in
will have some power and influence
the precursor of the ECB. After
Fromthiskindofaction,itseemshe
Pahlavi’s dictatorship and su-
Tehran in November, 1979, the
tomoveglobalfinancialmarket.
working as EMI’s president, he was
will keep his conservative monetary
ppression.DuringhisexileinFrance,
diplomatic relations of Iran with the
Duisenberg was born as Willem
electedtheECB’sfirstleader.
policy.
hegavemessageswhichinspiredthe
western countries were cut off.
Federik in Heerenveen, Netherlands,
Duisenberg insists on the
“Money is my profession.”
oppressed Iranians with a great
Americarevengedwiththeeconomic
on July 9, 1935. He followed John
stabilization of currency and
Duisenberg say. He should work for
courage and hope. At last, Pahlavi’s
blockadeagainstIran,whichremains
Maynard Keynes’ theory and he is
monetary stability. His view
thepoliticalindependenceasthehead
dynasty couldn’t help submitting to
untilnowon.
evaluatedveryprudent.
corresponds German monetary
of financial in Europe which alone
the Iranian’s blazing eager for
TherevolutionaryspiritofIranwas
He studied economics at the
policy. He sees the problems of
willsetmonetaryconditionsandkey
freedom and democracy and Reza
gradually spreaded to the neigh-
University of Groningen where he
employment and investment can’t be
interest rates in the countries
Shah Pahlavi sought refuge in a
bouringArabcountries,inparticular,
focused on international economic
solved by money rates and that each
participating in the euro. His activity
foreigncountrytwoweeksago.
toIraqwhereShiaMuslimsarelarger
relation and got his PH.D. in 1965
country should solve problems of
asthefirstchiefofECBwillbekept
Onthatday,ShapurBabhtiyar,the
in number. Finally Iran-Iraq war
boy writing a doctoral thesis on
labor or commercial relation. So his
eyeonbytheworld.
last prime minister of Pahlavi
brokeoutinSeptember,1980.Itwas
‘economic con-sequences of
argumentcauseconflictswithSocial-
Dynasty, commanded to fire so that
awarofattrition.Asaresultofeight
disarmament.’
Democrats.
he might hold off the anti-Shah
years’ war, both countries couldn’t
The same year, he became a staff
However,themostimportantthings
demonstration. But, his attempt was
gain anything and were faced with
member of the International
that he should maintain is the
ByParkHyo-joo
proved to be reckless. When
manydifficulties.
Monetary Fund in Washington.
independenceoftheECB.
AssociateEditorof InternationalSection
Ayatollah Khomeini traped down,
In this way, new-born Islamic
Following his return to the
DespiteoftheoppositionofFrance,
Iranians greeted him with hearty
Republic of Iran was isolated from
cheers and shouted: “Allah Akbar!
not only western countries but
(Allah is great) La Shargiyah, la
moderate Islamic countries in the
HongKongAfterthe1997
gharbiyah, Islamiyah, Islamiyah!
Middle East. The Iranian Revolution
(Not the East, nor the West, only
started with great idealism and
Islam, Islam!)” Thanks to the great
expectation and it promised many
support of demonstrators, Khomeini
thingstoIranians.MillionsofIranians
arrived in safety at the city of Qum,
who had participated in the
Handover
the hometown of Shia Islam. There
Revolution were hoping to create a
wasnofiringonthatday.
better society based on justice,
equalityandprosperity.
III.Therevolutionand
The isolation of Iran from the
sthe21stcenturyisjustaround
the changes and take them in stride.
the shop assistants was in Chinese
A
theeffects
world, however, drove Iran into a
the corner and ticking minutes
They have been keen to adapt the
ratherthaninEnglish.
150 thousand Pilgrims demonstrating in the street of Mecca with the
The Revolution was started in this
corner. The economic blockade by
will knock the door of a new
differencesintheirlives.
Also, the number of foreigners
Shah’sarmyblockingthemonFebruary1,1979.
millennium, it is almost time to sum
Before the handover, people had
living in Hong Kong has decreased
up the news of this century. If asked
some doubts about Hong Kong’s
after the handover. Most of them
to pick one of the most memorable
future. It was expected that there
went back to England or other home
HistoricBackgroundofIslamicRevolution
and historic events in 20th century,
would be less democracy in society
countries.
the handover of Hong Kong can not
and that Hong Kong would get
Before1997,thelifeofHongKong
The20thofJamadiIIisthe“Day
front, and on the opposite side, the
exactly at the time they had gotten
remained for a long time the
be left off the lists. The year 1997
pressure in various aspects from
was more like westernized life, but
of Kowthar”. After the children of
faithful believers and the purely
readytodoawaywiththereligionof
vanguardofIslamiccivilizationand
would fill a chapter of the history of
China,somanyrichpeopleemigrated
nowadays it is more easternized and
thenobleprophetofIslam(S.A.W.)
conducted class gathered in their
the last divine Prophet, the fires of
culture.
the20thcentury.
toothercountriessuchasCanadaand
Chineseinitswaysofliving,because
passedaway,theQuraishpolytheists
lightedplane.
friction, search for power and
But suppression by the monarchs
Theislandsandterritoryafterbeing
America. Nonetheless, according to
Chinese influence in Hong Kong is
rejoiced and made taunting remarks
Thelightsofinspirationhadbeen
devastating schismatic hypocrisy
and the discordant, divisionist
colonized for more than a hundred
what I saw in Hong Kong, a lot of
gettingstronger.
claiming that the progeny of the
castupontheworldandIslam,with
werebeingkindled,onthisside.
activities of the neo-colonialists
years were finally returned to their
people are coming back, as Hong
They don’t celebrate western
Prophet will not survive. Just then,
its conquest of the hearts of God’s
It was at this time that a com-
found new dimensions, especially
real owner in 1997. Hong Kong was
Kong has not experienced drastic
holidays any more such as Easter
this judgement came from the Lord
good servants, was extending its
pendium of causes and factors
that,theenemyhadnowenteredthe
handed over to China from Britain,
changes.
holidays,andtherearefewerwestern
ofcreation.
domain, advancing to the Far East
prepared the grounds for scientific
arena using new techniques
andsincethen,alotofchangeshave
events. Instead, Hong Kong follows
That very Day the nectar
on the one side and to the heart of
andindustrialchangesinEuropeand
disguised as development and
takenplace.
Chinese holidays. For example,
(Kowthar=a river, pond or fountain
Europeontheother.
machines and technology fell into
progress.
Hong Kong was the place where
ChineseNewYear(LunarNewYear)
Global
in Paradise) of Guardianship and
A great, unprecedented civi-
the hands of the enemy and were
The treason of the Qajar
the East and the West were
has become the biggest holiday
Imamate streamed on the earth and
lization was in the offing and
made use of, by governments and
monarchs, their concomitant rule
harmoniously mingled. Despite its
throughoutthewholeyear,justlikein
Sketch
theLadyofChastityandFaith,Her
mankind was witnessing a wonder-
powers.
with the era of Anglo-Russian
locationinAsiaduringthetimeofthe
China.
Holiness Seddiqa Tahera was born
ous leap and evolution in areas of
The spread of new sciences and
interference in Iran, had germinated
Britishcolony,HongKongwasruled
We cannot predit Hongkong’s
destined to be consort to our Lord
science,culture,artsandallsignsof
techniques for the development of
themostpainfulcircumstances.
underthesystemofBritain,awestern
HongKong
futurerightnow.Becauseitonlyhas
Ali the eternal Imam of justice and
true civilization which were based
which Islam had a major decisive
Embassies of colonial powers
model, but its heritage was based on
been a year since the handover.
humanism,andtogethertoproducea
on solid foundations of faith and
part,gaveprosperitytothestagnant
directly involved themselves and
China.However,HongKongisnow
However, we can wait until
generationofwhichtheelevenstars
incentive The approach of the
andprimitiveEuropeancommunity.
interfered in all features of the
a Special Administration Region
Hongkong become part of China
of Imamate standing on the high
awakened intuitions toward the
The rulers and leaders of Muslim
country’s affairs, even in appoint-
(SAR) government of China and
Although it can not be said that
fully.
roadtosalvationarebutonesample.
slavation message of the
lands accepted the shame of
ment and dismissal of ministers of
followstheChinesesystem.
Hong Kong SAR government does
Although Hong Kong is gradually
A generation whose peace and
Prophet(saw) was so deep and
negligence and retardiness rather
state,courtiersandmilitaryofficers.
Thus, it is obvious that there have
notgetanypressurefrommainland,it
changing, Hong Kong itself will not
war, whose prayers and silence,
widespread that the weakness and
thantakingappropriatestepstospan
It was at this stage of time, filled
been various changes since the
seemsthepressurehasbeenlessthan
lose its own characteristics as an
whosepatience,knowledge,andlife
cruelty of the incompetent rulers
thegap.
with affliction and pain, that wide
systems of Britain and China are
expectedandcominggraduallyinthe
internationalcity.
of constant resistance and pain and
could not even curtail the
Consequently, the enemies (of
stretches of Iranian territory and
different. And I luckily had the
process of change. These days Hong
Since Hong Kong is a SAR
martyrdom and finally the awaited
advancementofGod’sReligion.
Islam) became stronger each day
Islamic homeland were ceded to
chancetocomparethepast(thetime
Kongisgoingthroughhardeconomic
government of China, Hong Kong
occultation, all reveal divine
Europe was aflame in the
extending their possessions, so that
foreigners by shameful agreements
when British ruled) and the present
meltdownduetotheAsianeconomic
can not avoid the influence of the
expediencies and prove that God’s
barbarianism of the materialists
parts of the Islamic territories,
or treaties. Within the country, too,
(Chinese ruled) since I had lived in
crisis and slump in tourism, which
mainland, but to most of the people
servants are not left to themselves
ruling over the innocent servants of
painfully, were attached by
insecurity, injustice and govern-
Hong Kong for about 3 years when
makes the lives of people harder.
who visit Hong Kong, Hong Kong
during periods of decadence, caged
God had taken up position behind
colonialism and the bitter story of
mental corruption had become the
the British governed. During this
Because of this, the popularity of
will remain an international city for
inthefencesoftimeandnature.
the holy cross to prevent the
the rule of power and capital, and
rule.
winter vacation, I went back to
chief executive Tung Chee Hwa has
the mixed culture in its heart. It will
Furthermore, the seekers of truth
message of him, whose advent,
challenging the Almighty God as
The tobacco Boycott Decree, by
experience the differences under
gonedown.
takeyearsforHongKongtoadaptto
and those who stride in the path of
Jesus Christ had heralded, from
well as open and concealed
the great clergyman Ayatullah
Chinesegovernment.
One of the clear changes is in the
Chinese ways of living, but
guidance always have a pathfinder
reaching their dark world, and
interferenceofthecolonialistsinthe
Shirazi, the reformistic cries and
Certainly,HongKonghaschanged
language spoken. During the time of
maintaining its characters as an
and the earth is never without signs
perhaps,theMedievalChurch-shop,
destinies of the Islamic lands
calls of Seyyed Jamaloddin
in various ways since the handover.
British government, English and
international city will continue to
ofheavenlyevidence.Theperiodof
devoid of the spirit of the ideology
draggedout,forseveralcenturies.
Asadabadi and the uprisings of the
Therearechangeswhichcanbeseen
Cantoneseweretheofficiallanguages
attractpeoplefromaroundtheworld.
occultationbeganwhilethestruggle
of Jesus and ridden with censorship
In Iran, monarchial dynasties
clergyagainstBritishcolonialismin
directly and others that cannot. For
spoken in society; however, when I
between the good and the bad
of opinions or inquisition, which is
came to power one after the other.
Iran and Najaf, had revealed the
instance, the signs for the direction
wentback,Ifeltpeopletendtolearn
continued.
indeed a hallmark of shame on the
Inspite of constant pressure and
mightoftheIslamicclergy.
arenowwrittenornamedinChinese.
Chinesemorethanbeforeand,alotof
Generation after generation, the
history of man, may not lose
oppression over the hard-working
Apart from the obvious changes
times, I found out that speaking
unruly, mammonists, and providers
currency.
Iranian nation, that had, very early,
whichtheyhavetofollowinorderto
Chinesewaspreferredinmanycases.
ByJeongJee-won
ofvice,stoodupintheirdarkweird
It is a wonder and regret that
accepted the call to monotheism,
live under the new system, I felt
For example, I went to a shopping
AssociateEditorof InternationalSection
peoplethereseemedtocatchupwith
mall and the first question asked by
THEARGUS,MARCH1,1999
INTERNATIONAL
ThespreadofIslamicnationalismthroughoutwholeIslam
/WimDuisenberg
20YearsAfterIslamicRevolution
NewCaptinof Ship‘Euro’
way. But it made Iranians pay dear
America made the life standard of
president Khatami said that he
Netherlands in 1969, he taught ma-
his winning means that political
for the freedom and democracy. The
Iranianssteadilydeclined.Corruption,
favoured a dialogue with America
croeconomics at the University of
relationbetweenmanypowersinEU.
Shah’s army fired on demonstrators
crime,drugaddictionandothersocial
and president Bill Clinton welcomed
Amsterdam. At the age of 38, he
Concerned with his appointment, he
and 60 thousands among them were
problems were widespreaded. Iran-
the gesture. In February, 1998,
being finance minister in the cabinet
is criticised by other countries
killed during 10 days. The eager for
iansgotdisappointedatthepolicyof
American wrestlers visited Iran to
of Social Democratic by Prime
because he has applying policies
the freedom, however, gained the
hardliners including revolutionary
take part in a prestigious tournament
MinisterJoopdenUylin1973.
similar to German’s. ‘Bundesbank
final victory over the dictatorship of
Ulemas and their disappointment
and Iranian crowds cheered them in
Then, the golf-playing father of
clone’ analysts say to his economic
Shah.OnFebruary11,“TheVoiceof
extended to complaints against the
the stadium. In September, 1998,
threewithaloveofliteraturetookup
policy.
Revolution” through national raido
hardliner’s government. Their com-
president Khatami visited America
his key post as head of the Dutch
After resigning EMI’s president,
broadcasting cried out “Shah raft!
plaints and displeasures came up to
and delivered a speech at the U.N.
Central Bank in 1982, being the top
Duisenberg was widely expected to
ShinYang-sup
(TheKingwent)”andannouncedthe
thesurfacesinceAyatollahKhomeini
GeneralAssemblyafterClinton.
guardianofnationalmonetarypolicy,
becometheECB’sfirstleader.Atthat
foundation of theocratic state, the
louder.
Due to these facts, America and
holding the position until 1997.
time, France proposed a rival
I.Introduction
IslamicRepulicofIran.
The result of the presidental
westerncountriesexpectthatIranwill
Duringhisterminoffice,hewonthe
candidate, Jean-Claude Trichet, the
years have passed since
TheIslamicRevolutionofIranwas
electionin1987showswellIranians’
openherdoorandwalkonthesame
recognitionfromEuropeans.
France central banker and a good
20
Islamic Revolution of Iran
thelandmarkofworldhistoryaswell
hope and will for reformation.
way with them. But it is a great
In his 16 years at the helm of the
friend of Duisenberg’s. But with
broke out and Islamic Republic of
as Middle East history. From the
Hoping for change, more than 20
mistake.InIranhardlinersretaintheir
institution, he turned the Netherlands
German’s support, Duisenberg, was
Iran was established. Iranians have
viewpoint of ‘the popular revolution
millions of Iranians-many of them
grip on much of the real power,
iththelaunchoftheEuropean
intoasignificanteconomicpowerby
able to be elected as the president of
W
undergoneagreatchangeduringlast
from the lower classes’, it can be
woman and young people-voted for
despite Khatami’s massive pop-
Union’s common currency,
strengthening the national currency,
ECB, has eight-years ahead in the
20years.Afterthegreatchange,they
comparedwiththeFrenchRevolution
MohammadKhatamiwhoadvocated
ularity. There is little prospect for an
Euro in January the head of the new
reducing interest rates and ultimately
office.
arenowonthehornsofdilemmaand
in Europe. In those dark days when
reformationandhewaselectedasthe
early breakthrough in political
EuropeanCentralBank(ECB),Wim
ushering in period of economic
Because he is conservative and
standing at the turning point of
the westernized paradime dominated
7th president of Islamic Republic of
relations with America and western
DuisenbergtheformerDutchFinance
stability.
prefers stability of price to succeed
foreign policy. Through this paper,
theworldandstandardizedvaluewas
Iran. After his accession to the
countries. It depends completely on
Minister and former of the
After becoming Dutch Central
with euro, his decision may bring
therefore, I would like to retrospect
demanded, the Islamic Revolution
president, Iranian society is on the
the attitude of America, as Khatami
Netherlands’ Central Bank, as the
Bankpresident,Dusenberglinkedthe
aboutfrictionamongthecountriesof
thelast20yearsofIranandprospect
gaveagreathopeandcouragetothe
move. Many things which was
said: “Relation between American
oldest Europe’s Economic manager,
Dutchcurrency,theguilder,tightlyto
EU.
herfuture.
suppressedraces.
prohibited before according to
andusdependsontheattitudechange
has become one of the world’s most
thestrongGermandeutschmark.That
In fact, many countries in Euro
In spite of successful revolution,
Shariah (Islamic law), are permitted
of America against Iran. Un-
powerfulcentralbankers.
move helped significantly in turning
wanttocutdownthepricestoresolve
II.Thebeginningofrevolution
however,thefutureofIranwasnotin
again and women are more active
fortunatelyIfeelnochange.Thekey
Duisenberg’s job is to oversee the
the guilder into one of the strongest
the unemployment problems. So the
The Tehran international airport
favorable circumstances. The leaders
thanbefore.
to solve the problem belong to
introductionofthesinglecurrencyof
Europeancurrenciesandtransforming
administrate of German and France
was veiled in a great tension on
of Revolutionary Committee headed
America,nottous.”
11EUmemberstateswhichwillform
the ‘Dutch Disease’ of the early
requireloweringtheinterestrates.But
IV.RelationwiththeU.S.
February 1, 1979, for Ayatollah
by Ayatollah Khomeini indicated
bigmarketwithUnitedstates.Hehas
1980s into the ‘Dutch Miracle’ of
ECB has set its goal just in price
Ruhollah Khomeini was on his way
America as a protector of Pahlavi’s
ForeignpolicyofIranwaschanged
been compared to Alan Greenspan
moderndays.
stabilization. To prove this, Dui-
home by Air France after 15 years’
dictatorship and called America “the
much after his election. Through the
theheadoftheU.S.FederalReserve,
He became the president of the
senberg had decide on 3% interest
Thewriterisalecturerof PersianDept.
lifeinexile.Hewasagreatleaderof
great Satan”. With the forcible
interview with CNN in early 1998,
inotherwords,somesaysDuisenberg
European Monetary Institute (EMI),
rates to all of 11 countries in Euro.
the resistance against Reza Shah
occupation of American embassy in
will have some power and influence
the precursor of the ECB. After
Fromthiskindofaction,itseemshe
Pahlavi’s dictatorship and su-
Tehran in November, 1979, the
tomoveglobalfinancialmarket.
working as EMI’s president, he was
will keep his conservative monetary
ppression.DuringhisexileinFrance,
diplomatic relations of Iran with the
Duisenberg was born as Willem
electedtheECB’sfirstleader.
policy.
hegavemessageswhichinspiredthe
western countries were cut off.
Federik in Heerenveen, Netherlands,
Duisenberg insists on the
“Money is my profession.”
oppressed Iranians with a great
Americarevengedwiththeeconomic
on July 9, 1935. He followed John
stabilization of currency and
Duisenberg say. He should work for
courage and hope. At last, Pahlavi’s
blockadeagainstIran,whichremains
Maynard Keynes’ theory and he is
monetary stability. His view
thepoliticalindependenceasthehead
dynasty couldn’t help submitting to
untilnowon.
evaluatedveryprudent.
corresponds German monetary
of financial in Europe which alone
the Iranian’s blazing eager for
TherevolutionaryspiritofIranwas
He studied economics at the
policy. He sees the problems of
willsetmonetaryconditionsandkey
freedom and democracy and Reza
gradually spreaded to the neigh-
University of Groningen where he
employment and investment can’t be
interest rates in the countries
Shah Pahlavi sought refuge in a
bouringArabcountries,inparticular,
focused on international economic
solved by money rates and that each
participating in the euro. His activity
foreigncountrytwoweeksago.
toIraqwhereShiaMuslimsarelarger
relation and got his PH.D. in 1965
country should solve problems of
asthefirstchiefofECBwillbekept
Onthatday,ShapurBabhtiyar,the
in number. Finally Iran-Iraq war
boy writing a doctoral thesis on
labor or commercial relation. So his
eyeonbytheworld.
last prime minister of Pahlavi
brokeoutinSeptember,1980.Itwas
‘economic con-sequences of
argumentcauseconflictswithSocial-
Dynasty, commanded to fire so that
awarofattrition.Asaresultofeight
disarmament.’
Democrats.
he might hold off the anti-Shah
years’ war, both countries couldn’t
The same year, he became a staff
However,themostimportantthings
demonstration. But, his attempt was
gain anything and were faced with
member of the International
that he should maintain is the
ByParkHyo-joo
proved to be reckless. When
manydifficulties.
Monetary Fund in Washington.
independenceoftheECB.
AssociateEditorof InternationalSection
Ayatollah Khomeini traped down,
In this way, new-born Islamic
Following his return to the
DespiteoftheoppositionofFrance,
Iranians greeted him with hearty
Republic of Iran was isolated from
cheers and shouted: “Allah Akbar!
not only western countries but
(Allah is great) La Shargiyah, la
moderate Islamic countries in the
HongKongAfterthe1997
gharbiyah, Islamiyah, Islamiyah!
Middle East. The Iranian Revolution
(Not the East, nor the West, only
started with great idealism and
Islam, Islam!)” Thanks to the great
expectation and it promised many
support of demonstrators, Khomeini
thingstoIranians.MillionsofIranians
arrived in safety at the city of Qum,
who had participated in the
Handover
the hometown of Shia Islam. There
Revolution were hoping to create a
wasnofiringonthatday.
better society based on justice,
equalityandprosperity.
III.Therevolutionand
The isolation of Iran from the
sthe21stcenturyisjustaround
the changes and take them in stride.
the shop assistants was in Chinese
A
theeffects
world, however, drove Iran into a
the corner and ticking minutes
They have been keen to adapt the
ratherthaninEnglish.
150 thousand Pilgrims demonstrating in the street of Mecca with the
The Revolution was started in this
corner. The economic blockade by
will knock the door of a new
differencesintheirlives.
Also, the number of foreigners
Shah’sarmyblockingthemonFebruary1,1979.
millennium, it is almost time to sum
Before the handover, people had
living in Hong Kong has decreased
up the news of this century. If asked
some doubts about Hong Kong’s
after the handover. Most of them
to pick one of the most memorable
future. It was expected that there
went back to England or other home
HistoricBackgroundofIslamicRevolution
and historic events in 20th century,
would be less democracy in society
countries.
the handover of Hong Kong can not
and that Hong Kong would get
Before1997,thelifeofHongKong
The20thofJamadiIIisthe“Day
front, and on the opposite side, the
exactly at the time they had gotten
remained for a long time the
be left off the lists. The year 1997
pressure in various aspects from
was more like westernized life, but
of Kowthar”. After the children of
faithful believers and the purely
readytodoawaywiththereligionof
vanguardofIslamiccivilizationand
would fill a chapter of the history of
China,somanyrichpeopleemigrated
nowadays it is more easternized and
thenobleprophetofIslam(S.A.W.)
conducted class gathered in their
the last divine Prophet, the fires of
culture.
the20thcentury.
toothercountriessuchasCanadaand
Chineseinitswaysofliving,because
passedaway,theQuraishpolytheists
lightedplane.
friction, search for power and
But suppression by the monarchs
Theislandsandterritoryafterbeing
America. Nonetheless, according to
Chinese influence in Hong Kong is
rejoiced and made taunting remarks
Thelightsofinspirationhadbeen
devastating schismatic hypocrisy
and the discordant, divisionist
colonized for more than a hundred
what I saw in Hong Kong, a lot of
gettingstronger.
claiming that the progeny of the
castupontheworldandIslam,with
werebeingkindled,onthisside.
activities of the neo-colonialists
years were finally returned to their
people are coming back, as Hong
They don’t celebrate western
Prophet will not survive. Just then,
its conquest of the hearts of God’s
It was at this time that a com-
found new dimensions, especially
real owner in 1997. Hong Kong was
Kong has not experienced drastic
holidays any more such as Easter
this judgement came from the Lord
good servants, was extending its
pendium of causes and factors
that,theenemyhadnowenteredthe
handed over to China from Britain,
changes.
holidays,andtherearefewerwestern
ofcreation.
domain, advancing to the Far East
prepared the grounds for scientific
arena using new techniques
andsincethen,alotofchangeshave
events. Instead, Hong Kong follows
That very Day the nectar
on the one side and to the heart of
andindustrialchangesinEuropeand
disguised as development and
takenplace.
Chinese holidays. For example,
(Kowthar=a river, pond or fountain
Europeontheother.
machines and technology fell into
progress.
Hong Kong was the place where
ChineseNewYear(LunarNewYear)
Global
in Paradise) of Guardianship and
A great, unprecedented civi-
the hands of the enemy and were
The treason of the Qajar
the East and the West were
has become the biggest holiday
Imamate streamed on the earth and
lization was in the offing and
made use of, by governments and
monarchs, their concomitant rule
harmoniously mingled. Despite its
throughoutthewholeyear,justlikein
Sketch
theLadyofChastityandFaith,Her
mankind was witnessing a wonder-
powers.
with the era of Anglo-Russian
locationinAsiaduringthetimeofthe
China.
Holiness Seddiqa Tahera was born
ous leap and evolution in areas of
The spread of new sciences and
interference in Iran, had germinated
Britishcolony,HongKongwasruled
We cannot predit Hongkong’s
destined to be consort to our Lord
science,culture,artsandallsignsof
techniques for the development of
themostpainfulcircumstances.
underthesystemofBritain,awestern
HongKong
futurerightnow.Becauseitonlyhas
Ali the eternal Imam of justice and
true civilization which were based
which Islam had a major decisive
Embassies of colonial powers
model, but its heritage was based on
been a year since the handover.
humanism,andtogethertoproducea
on solid foundations of faith and
part,gaveprosperitytothestagnant
directly involved themselves and
China.However,HongKongisnow
However, we can wait until
generationofwhichtheelevenstars
incentive The approach of the
andprimitiveEuropeancommunity.
interfered in all features of the
a Special Administration Region
Hongkong become part of China
of Imamate standing on the high
awakened intuitions toward the
The rulers and leaders of Muslim
country’s affairs, even in appoint-
(SAR) government of China and
Although it can not be said that
fully.
roadtosalvationarebutonesample.
slavation message of the
lands accepted the shame of
ment and dismissal of ministers of
followstheChinesesystem.
Hong Kong SAR government does
Although Hong Kong is gradually
A generation whose peace and
Prophet(saw) was so deep and
negligence and retardiness rather
state,courtiersandmilitaryofficers.
Thus, it is obvious that there have
notgetanypressurefrommainland,it
changing, Hong Kong itself will not
war, whose prayers and silence,
widespread that the weakness and
thantakingappropriatestepstospan
It was at this stage of time, filled
been various changes since the
seemsthepressurehasbeenlessthan
lose its own characteristics as an
whosepatience,knowledge,andlife
cruelty of the incompetent rulers
thegap.
with affliction and pain, that wide
systems of Britain and China are
expectedandcominggraduallyinthe
internationalcity.
of constant resistance and pain and
could not even curtail the
Consequently, the enemies (of
stretches of Iranian territory and
different. And I luckily had the
process of change. These days Hong
Since Hong Kong is a SAR
martyrdom and finally the awaited
advancementofGod’sReligion.
Islam) became stronger each day
Islamic homeland were ceded to
chancetocomparethepast(thetime
Kongisgoingthroughhardeconomic
government of China, Hong Kong
occultation, all reveal divine
Europe was aflame in the
extending their possessions, so that
foreigners by shameful agreements
when British ruled) and the present
meltdownduetotheAsianeconomic
can not avoid the influence of the
expediencies and prove that God’s
barbarianism of the materialists
parts of the Islamic territories,
or treaties. Within the country, too,
(Chinese ruled) since I had lived in
crisis and slump in tourism, which
mainland, but to most of the people
servants are not left to themselves
ruling over the innocent servants of
painfully, were attached by
insecurity, injustice and govern-
Hong Kong for about 3 years when
makes the lives of people harder.
who visit Hong Kong, Hong Kong
during periods of decadence, caged
God had taken up position behind
colonialism and the bitter story of
mental corruption had become the
the British governed. During this
Because of this, the popularity of
will remain an international city for
inthefencesoftimeandnature.
the holy cross to prevent the
the rule of power and capital, and
rule.
winter vacation, I went back to
chief executive Tung Chee Hwa has
the mixed culture in its heart. It will
Furthermore, the seekers of truth
message of him, whose advent,
challenging the Almighty God as
The tobacco Boycott Decree, by
experience the differences under
gonedown.
takeyearsforHongKongtoadaptto
and those who stride in the path of
Jesus Christ had heralded, from
well as open and concealed
the great clergyman Ayatullah
Chinesegovernment.
One of the clear changes is in the
Chinese ways of living, but
guidance always have a pathfinder
reaching their dark world, and
interferenceofthecolonialistsinthe
Shirazi, the reformistic cries and
Certainly,HongKonghaschanged
language spoken. During the time of
maintaining its characters as an
and the earth is never without signs
perhaps,theMedievalChurch-shop,
destinies of the Islamic lands
calls of Seyyed Jamaloddin
in various ways since the handover.
British government, English and
international city will continue to
ofheavenlyevidence.Theperiodof
devoid of the spirit of the ideology
draggedout,forseveralcenturies.
Asadabadi and the uprisings of the
Therearechangeswhichcanbeseen
Cantoneseweretheofficiallanguages
attractpeoplefromaroundtheworld.
occultationbeganwhilethestruggle
of Jesus and ridden with censorship
In Iran, monarchial dynasties
clergyagainstBritishcolonialismin
directly and others that cannot. For
spoken in society; however, when I
between the good and the bad
of opinions or inquisition, which is
came to power one after the other.
Iran and Najaf, had revealed the
instance, the signs for the direction
wentback,Ifeltpeopletendtolearn
continued.
indeed a hallmark of shame on the
Inspite of constant pressure and
mightoftheIslamicclergy.
arenowwrittenornamedinChinese.
Chinesemorethanbeforeand,alotof
Generation after generation, the
history of man, may not lose
oppression over the hard-working
Apart from the obvious changes
times, I found out that speaking
unruly, mammonists, and providers
currency.
Iranian nation, that had, very early,
whichtheyhavetofollowinorderto
Chinesewaspreferredinmanycases.
ByJeongJee-won
ofvice,stoodupintheirdarkweird
It is a wonder and regret that
accepted the call to monotheism,
live under the new system, I felt
For example, I went to a shopping
AssociateEditorof InternationalSection
peoplethereseemedtocatchupwith
mall and the first question asked by
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