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THEARGUS,MARCH1,1999
PAGE7
INTERNATIONAL
Casualtiesoftradewar;imposingpunitivesanctions
NoExceptionOverTradeDisputes
I.Introduction
disputesamongits133members.
American’ title VII of ‘Super 301’, allows
unanswered.
he United States (U.S.) and the
Washington to consider discriminatory
T
III.Tradewarlooms
IV.Viewpoint
EuropeanUnion(E.U.)havecontinued
procurementpracticesbyothergovernments.
totradeaccusationsasthewarofwordsover
The U.S. is promoting open markets one
Since our market is not safe enough to
Tradedisputesandagrowingdeficithave
the banana trade continues to escalate.
minuteandretaliatingthenextbecauseithas
preventthepressureof‘Super301’,wecan
brought the U.S. to impose sanctions,
Although the World Trade Organization
arisingtradedeficit.Thegapreached$169.2
not just sit back and see how the trade war
supported by the law ‘Super 301’. Because
(WTO) has effectively postponed a
billionlastyearandcouldgoashighas$300
betweentheE.U.andtheU.S.goes.Itisnot
of this act by the U.S., Korea, Japan and
showdownintherowbetweentheU.S.and
billion in 1999, the highest in this century.
justthematterofneighborsquarrelling,butit
otherdevelopingcountrieshavebeenintense
the E.U. over bananas, the impact of the
Political pressures are mounting in the U.S.
mightoccurtousaswell,whichmeanswe
toprotecttheirmarketsfromthebully.The
trade war does not seem to be halted at the
to bypass international trade organizations
cannottakeiteasy.
case of the banana trade war between the
moment.
and take action independently. The Clinton
Besides,Americansteelandothersectors
U.S. and the E.U. already has had an
In fact, it seems it will add the issue of
administration is threatening to implement
likesemi-conductorsdonotfitthestereotype
influence on the atmosphere of world-
beef as a follow-up to the banana war. A
legislation that will automatically trigger
of flaccid, old-line manufacturing forced to
marketsandhasledtoanothertradewar,the
disputeoverartificialgrowthhormonesused
unilateralactionontradedisputeswithin90
demand government help just to survive.
beefrow.Washingtonalreadyappearstobe
toboostbeefproductionintheU.S.couldset
days.TheU.S.law,called‘Super301’,was
U.S. steel makers are currently among the
preparing to draw up a sanctions list in the
the stage for a second round of retaliation
re-activatedbecauseofthetradedisputesand
world’smostcompetitivebuttheyarelosing
beefrowthatcentersonalong-standingE.U.
against the E.U.. The banana trade war
deficits. And we can not ignore that this
outtocompetitorsfromKoreaandothers.
ban on the import of meat treated with
between the U.S. and the E.U. has pressed
‘Super 301’ law has great impact on the
Thus,addingtothetradedeficits,theU.S.
growthhormones.
thetensionofworldmarketsastheimpactof
Koreaneconomyaswell.
might threaten the market of ours at any
Althoughnegotiatingthetradedisputesis
the banana war might also cause trade
Followinguptothebananawar,theE.U.
time, which means we can not relax. These
the first priority, inappropriate requests
barriersinothercountriesaswell,apartfrom
startedtomulloptionsintheescalatingbeef
trade wars will be great burdens to our
should not be accepted. Attracting foreign
theU.S.andtheE.U..
row with the U.S.. The WTO ruled in
economy which is struggling hard to
investmentsisimportantforoureconomyto
FebruarylastyearthattheE.U.’sdecade-old
overcome the economic crisis. Especially,
revive; however, we can not always step
YahooNews
II.Disputesoverbananas
import ban on hormone-treated beef was
thesignthattheU.S.hasmentioned‘Super
back and be in a disadvantageous position.
U.S. Deputy Treasury Secretary Lawrence Summers, left, briefs China is making
The banana war started when the E.U.
stronger push to reach agreement with the U.S. on opening its markets and
illegal and gave he E.U. 15 months to act.
301’ might have a negative influence in
Wheneverwehavehadtradewarswiththe
refused to comply with the ruling of the
enteringtheWTO.
TheU.S.maintainstheE.U.mustliftitsban
emergingourtrademarkets.
strong, especially the U.S., our government
WTOoverthepreferentialimportofbananas
by May 13, whereas Brussels has argued it
At the moment, the law ‘Super 301’ will
hasnothadmuchpoweragainstthebullyin
fromtheEasternCaribbean.Asaresult,the
AccordingtotheE.U.,ithasmadechanges
because a new E.U. regime for the import
onlyhastosubmitascientificassessmenton
not directly affect our markets but we can
trade negotiations. We were always bullied
U.S. is threatening to impose punitive
but refused the threats from the U.S. The
and marketing of bananas which went into
the risks involved in importing beef reared
still be casualties of the trade wars. For
by the strong and had to take the actions
sanctions worth more than half-a-billion
rowthreatensnotjusttostartatradewar,but
force on January 1 is no better than its
usinghormonesbythattime.
instance,Scottishtextileworkerswerehitby
preferabletothestrong.However,thiskind
dollarsbythebeginningofMarchonarange
to undermine the legitimacy of the WTO
predecessor which a WTO panel said in
The E.U. has, since 1989, argued that
thethreatofU.S.tradesanctions,layingoff
of trade negotiation has to be stopped. In
ofEuropeangoodsfromcashmeresweaters
itself.
1977 broke global trade accords and had to
hormone-treatedbeefmaycausecancerand
workersinproductionplant.Asaresult,the
order to do that, the best way for not
tolead-acidbatteriesunlessthedisputeover
Whiletheargumentsstillgoon,bothsides
be changed. Nevertheless, the E.U., now
otherdiseasesinhumansandhasrefusedto
lossofScottishcashmeresweatersmightbe
becoming the victim of trade war is to be
commerce in bananas was resolved.
havedifferentexplanations.TheU.S.claims
gathering support for its view from Japan
import it from the U.S. or anywhere else.
greaterthanexpected.
stronglycompetitive.
Therefore, these sanctions are certainly
that Europe gives an unfair advantage to
and several developing countries including
Thosedutieswouldprobablybelessthanin
Furthermore,weshouldnotforgetthefact
expected to be a negative factor in the
bananaimportsfromitsformercoloniesand
Korea, says the U.S. is acting unilaterally
the banana case. But the domestic political
thatlastyearourmarketsgained$22billion
growthofEuropeanmarkets.
wantstoseethemarketopeneduptoLatin
becausetheoriginalpanelhasyettoruleon
impactofthebeefhormonedisputecouldbe
fromtradingwiththeU.S.forthefirsttime
AseriesofmeetingsheldinJanuaryatthe
Americanproducers.However,accordingto
thelatestbananaregime.
fargreaterbecauseitaffectsthelivelihoodof
since 1993. Seen from the case of bananas,
ByJeongJee-won
WTO in Geneva failed to resolve the issue
the E.U., the U.K. and France have
Meanwhile,accordingtothenewsmedia,
approximately 1 million U.S. cattle
the issue has become more than bananas,
AssociateEditorof InternationalSection
after procedural moves blocked progress.
agreements with their former African and
many neutral trade envoys fear the quarrel,
producers.
leaving the credibility of the WTO
TheU.S.hasnowthreatenedtouseitstough
Caribbeancolonieswhichgivetheirbanana
in which the two powers have been
Washington plans to revive the U.S.’s
trade legislation, Section 301, to invoke
producerspreferentialaccesstothecommon
swapping increasingly bitter charges of bad
‘Super 301’ trade law provision, which has
REFLECTINGOFTHEARGUS
automatic trade sanctions against countries
Europeanmarket.
faith, could undermine the authority of the
beenusedinthepasttoplacetradesanctions
judged to operate unfair trade practices.
Washington also says this is justified
WTOanditsvitalroleasanarbiterintrade
on Korea, Japan and other states. The ‘buy
NGOinCenterofWorldProgress
TheFateofEastTimor
n 1990s, the most remarkable condition in international society is increasing
I
ndonesia, bowing to the world pressure,
JoseRamosHortagottheNobelPeacePrize
occupation, Jakarta cannot simply pack its
influenceofcitizen’sorganizationontheglobe.
I
recently said it might consider
in1996,therecognitionrosehigher.
bags and leave overnight. Politicians in
EastTimor’s
Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) as a non profit organization, are at the
HistoricalBackground
independence of East Timor, the impoveri-
Indonesia’spronouncedwillingnessto‘let
Jakarta admit Indonesia can easily live
centerofcivilactivitiesalongwithTheAmnestyInternationalandGreenpeace.They
shed territory where 800,000 people have
go’ofEastTimorhasasignificantmeaning
without East Timor but East Timor cannot
had‘millenniumforum’inJanuarythisyearwithUNandgatheredpublicopinionon
been fighting for independence. This
to East Timorese who have been long for
livewithoutIndonesia.Theprolongedperiod
The Portuguese arrived in Timor in
theglobalissuesincludinghumanrights,environment,childabuse,povertyandsoon.
announcement by Foreign Minister Ali
independence. The independence of East
ofmilitaryrulehasalsocreatedalargeclass
the 16th century and the Dutch seized
TheyhavebeencooperatingwithUNunderthe71thUNChartersince1947.NGOshad
Alatas surprised the world by giving
Timor not only means separation from
ofcollaboratorswhosejobs,socialstatusand
the west of the island in the 17th
only41countrymembersin1948butthenumberofmembersare1350now.
amazement mingled with some scepticism
Indonesia, but also freedom from human
even personal safety depend on the
century. The island was eventually
Among NGOs activities, it is worth noting that International Campaign to Ban
because the international community has
rights violations and gaining an autonomy
Indonesian presence. Under such circum-
carried into the Dutch West Timor and
Landmines (ICBL) won the Nobel Peace Prize in October, 1997. The ICBL is a
been blaming Indonesia for not giving
itself.Especially,Indonesiantroopsarealso
stances, any abrupt withdrawal risks
the Portuguese East Timor. The Dutch
coalition between governments and non-governmental organizations and has worked
freedomtoEastTimorese.
being blamed for human rights abuses in
provokingacivilwar,especiallyassomeare
transferredtheirterritorytoIndonesiain
since 1991. The number of NGOs was 500 from 30 countries at that time. There are
AccordingtoMrAlatas,theissueofEast
East Timor. The territory has experienced a
already demanding that Jakarta give them
1949. When Portugal gave up East
nowover1,000organizationsinmorethan60countries.Presently,NGOsarespecially
Timor’s leaving Indonesia could be put
marked increase in human rights violations,
weapons to defend themselves. East Timor
Timor in 1975, Indonesian troops
concernedaboutstarvationandhumanrightsinNorthKorea.
before the new People’s Consultative
particularly extra-judicial executions,
has been plundered of their rich natural
invaded and annexed it as Indonesia’s
Itisundeniablethatworldwideproblemslikehumanrights,environmentandpoverty
AssemblytobeelectedinJune.Thesignof
arbitraryarrests,detention,systematictorture
resourcesbythemilitaryoccupierswhilethe
27th province a year later, despite
mostly center on developing countries. Developing countries have yet to resolve the
raising the prospect of self-rule for the
andill-treatmentofprisoners.
trade is dependent upon Indonesia, so
internationalcondemnation.ATimorese
problems.
former Portuguese territory for he first time
Thus, independence implies the end to
ensuring Jakarta would continue to exercise
resistance movement has been actively
However,itdoesn’tseemthatdevelopingcountriesstandachancetofindthekeyto
since1976meansthereisatleastahopefor
these human rights abuses and East
apowerfuleconomicinfluence.
fighting Indonesian troops since the
theproblemsinthenearfuture.Inthissituation,NGOcanbethemostreliablebacker
independence.
Timoresenolongerhavetosuffer.Whilethe
Meanwhile, progress has been made in
invasion.
becausetheydon’thaveanyred-taperywhichisthehurdleforimmediateaction.
Indonesiahasresistedthepressuretogrant
former colonist, Portugal wants Indonesian
U.N,sponsoredtalksbetweenIndonesiaand
Indonesian troops invaded on
TheinceptionofNGO’sactivityhasbegunwithinternationalRedCrosssince1863in
independence since its troops invaded in
proposals for the autonomy of East Timor
Portugal,whichisapositivesign.However,
December5,1975,afterthenewgove-
Swiss. The role of NGOs is so important as to be called the third part after nation,
1975 and has fought a small-scale guerilla
put to a local referendum, Indonesia’s
pro-Indonesian activists warn that civil war
rnment in Lisbon pledged self-rule for
private organization and NGOs have treated the wounded from war, regardless of
force despite the heavy international
powerful opposition leaders have rejected a
could break out if Indonesia leaves East
EastTimorby1978.Thiswasamonth
nationality.
pressure. It is reported that about 200,000
proposal to make East Timor independent,
Timor immediately while pro-independence
after the Portuguese administrators had
NGOshavegonethroughtheirparteventhoughmostcountriesshowedindifference
people, one third of the population, are
dampening the hope that after the general
rebelsaccuseJakartaoffomentingunrestby
pulled out and leftist party Fretilin had
totheiractivities.ThusitismoredesirableforNGOstolookforanewwaythathas
estimated to have died of violence and
elections in June the territory might win
arming civilians. Such civil war must be
declaredindependenceonJuly17,1976.
democraticproceduretoeffectivelycompletetheidealsfortheworld.
famineinEastTimorduringthesecondhalf
freedom.“TheintegrationofEastTimorwas
avoidedandthemovementtowardindepen-
Indonesia unilaterally declared East
ItappearsthatUNacknowledgestheweightofNGOsasitspartnerindealingwith
of1970s.
politically and constitutionally legal,” said
dence should be launched peacefully.
Timor as its 27th province. The
worldwideproblems.Accordingly,NGOshaveheldworldconferencesinaneffortto
The U.N. initiated talks between Jakarta
Ms Megawati, the daughter of the first
Moreover, the international community
annexation has never been accepted by
achieve their goal. The conferences were World Child Welfare Conference in New
andLisbonin1983.EastTimorcameunder
president Sukarno. Nonetheless, it is now
shouldpaycontinuousattentiontothematter
the United Nations and UN-sponsored
Yorkin1990,EarthEnvironmentConferenceinRiodeJaneiroin1992,WorldHuman
the international spotlight again in 1991
timeforIndonesiatoletEastTimorgo.
of East Timor. While independence is the
talksovertheterritorycontinue.
RightConferenceinViennain1993,UNPopulationDevelopmentConferenceinCairo
whenIndonesiansoldiersfiredintoacrowd
For almost a quarter of a century the
right path to follow, Jakarta will owe a
in 1994, World Women’s Conference in Beijing in 1995, 2nd UN Conference of
ofpeacefulpro-independencedemonstrators
international community has repeatedly
continuingobligationtothosewhoserightsit
Residence problem in Istanbul in 1996 and World Food crisis Conference in Rome
ByJeongJee-won
ataDilicemetery,killingupto200people.
called on Indonesia to withdraw from East
has trampled on for so long, long after its
1996. As shown in the above, there is no denying that NGOs have spearheaded and
AssociateEditorof InternationalSection
After the self-exiled independence activist
Timor. However, after 23 years of
forceshavedepartedfromEastTimor.
acceleratedthecampaignstoimproveconditionsfortheworld.
Meanwhile, mounting criticism is overshadowing NGOs’ future. An official from
MapofIndonesia;break-upoftheIndonesianstate
U.S.governmentsaysthatNGOs’delegatesarenotelectedbythepeople,sotheydon’t
takeanyresponsibilityfortheirpolicy.
According to him, Europe’s NGO prosecuted a Bangladesh firm for child abuse.
Saved from the exploitation, children seemed to back to their parents without any
problem. But they had to prostitute themselves to make a living. And Doctors’
organizationdubbed‘MedicinsSansFrontiers(MSF),stoppedtheiractivitiesinAfrica
aftertheyhadwitnessedthesceneofHututribes’slaughter.Itdefendedthattherewas
no alternative but to remain still to be neutral. Criticism converged on unthoughtful
decisionbyDoctors’organization.
People are fully aware that international societies are getting complicated and any
organizationscannotwatchdogeveryillegalitiesorimmoralitiesinthewholeworld.In
this reason, the role of NGOs is more essential to this international atmosphere.
Characterized by voluntarism, transparency, collegiality, ethics and accountability,
NGOsnecessitatecitizens’enthusiasticsupportandcontinuousinternationalsolidarity.
Eveniftheproblemscannotbecompletelyclearedup,NGOsstillneedtoseekevery
meanspossibletoreachtheirgoalofworldprogress,minimizingtrialanderror.Finally,
NGOs should never forget their obligation of being responsible for both decision-
makingandaction.
ByParkHyo-joo
AssociateEditorof InternationalSection

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