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THEARGUS,APRIL1,1999
THEORY & CRITIQUE
Esperanto,neutralandeasyinternationallanguage
AsPurposeIsGood,ItExposesManyProblems
I.Introductionanddefinition
II.Origin,characteranduse
can to carry on a conversation in the
example,‘Gattaca’whichisSFmoviefrom
specialists have insufficient answers they
Nevertheless,ithasmanyproblems. Ifit
he world is cooperating and competing
Esperanto was developed during the
language, and read most of the material
America. Also, the Sutras and the Bible
claimonlymeritofEsperanto. Thismeans
reallyisaninternationallanguage,itshould
T
regardless of national boundaries.
period 1877-1885 by Lazaro Ludbike
written in the language with about 90%
weretranslatedintoEsperanto. Infact,when
thatEsperantoreallyhasmanyproblems.
be used by many people in the world.
However,weareindifficultybecauseweare
Zamenhof of Warsaw, Poland (then part of
comprehension. Also, Esperanto doesn’t
Zamenhof made Esperanto, he considered
The positive side of Esperanto is that it
However, the only the people who research
differentnationsandusedifferentlanguages.
Russia). At that time, Polish, German,
forceyoutolearncontextsaswellaswords.
peaceandequalitybetweennations,andhis
was specifically intended to be used across
itknowverywellandinsistitsmerit. Also,
Generally, we use English as the
RussianandYiddishwereusedinthatarea.
Esperanto use modified alphabet and
thought was attractive to religious groups.
national and cultural boundaries. It is
it isn’t familiar and easy for the people of
international language, but because this
Accordingly, disputes arose constantly.
pronaunce like Itlian. The number of
For exanple, Won Buddists have been
relativelyneutral,thatistosay,thelanguage
non-western nations because it is based on
languagesofasmallcountriesareapttobe
Zemenhof was convinced that a common
characteris28includingcharacterputtingon
translatingtheSutrasintoEsperanto.
belongs to no ethnic group, nation or
Western languages. That is to say, the
blottedout,theybecomealanguagecolony
language would be necessary to resolve
conical bamboo hat and four character (Q,
Esperanto came into Korea about 1900
ideology. Those who use it meet one
original purpose of Esperanto was very
ofEnglish. Atonetime,peoplethought,ifa
many of the problems that led to strife and
W,X,Y)ofalphabetisexcluded.Thatisto
and Kojong studied Esperanto. Also many
anotheronanequalfooting,sinceneitheris
good,butithasmanyproblemsandlimits.
fair international language existed, it would
conflict.
say,?Q?ofalphabetischanged?K?, is
novels like ‘Ym Kuk-jeong’ and ‘Kamza’
using his nor her native language. With
be very convenient and a way to a more
Herejectedthemajorlanguagesofhisday
changed?U＾?, changed?KS?and
were translated into Esperanto and
national languages such as English or
peaceful world. The language they hoped
(French,English,andRussian)becausethey
?Y?ischanged?J?.Forexample,‘quality’
introduced to the world. In the period of
Russian, the second language learner is
would be that international language was
were difficult to learn and would put their
in English is‘kualito’and‘excursion’is
Japanese imperialism, it was suppressed by
always at a disadvantage to the native
ByJeongMin-hee
Esperanto, a language that would preserve
nativespeakersatanadvantageindiscussion
‘ekskurso’in Esperanto. Making an
Japan but recently it has started to revive.
speaker. Inadditionto,itisrelatively,ifnot
AssociateEditorof Theory&CritiqueSection
national languages and make it easy to
with respect to those who did not speak it
additionalremark,‘Iloveyou’is‘Miamas
There are cultural studies’ students learning
perfectly,easytolearn.
communicateintheinternationalarena.
natively. Also he rejected the two dead
vin’inEsperanto.
EsperantoinDankukUniversity,andthereis
Esperanto,asoneinternetsourceexplains,
languages (Latin and Greek) because they
Though today not many people use
anassociationoflike-mindedpeopleusingit
is an international language, designed to be
were even more complicated and unwidely.
Esperanto,thereisTheUniversalEsperanto
inPCcommunication.
Seminar
everyone’ssecondtongue. Itwasdeveloped
Hebeganworkonhisplannedlanguageasa
Association,andEsperantiststrytospreadit
overacountryagotoprovideaneutraland
junior in high school and eventually
constantly. TheyaretryingtogetEsperanto
III.Criticismandconclusion
easily learned means of communication
published a textbook of the language in the
accepted as the main language of the
What is the reason more people are not
between people from different language
1887.
EupopeanUnion.Theysaythattheadoption
using Esparento as an international
groups.
Esperanto,whichmeans‘apersonwhois
of Esperanto by the EU would be a step
language? What is Esperanto’s problem?
21CWorldforWomen
But what is condition of international
hoping’, was adopted by Zemenhof as his
toward resolving a multitude of problems
First,itisn’treallyaneutrallanguage. Ithas
communicationtoday? Don’twestillneeda
preudonym for his first book. This name
that plague the organization including the
many characteristics of Western languages
neutral international language? And don’t
wasgraduallyadoptedinpopularparlanceas
serious one of making it more democratic.
becauseitwasmadebymixing9languages
westillwanttosupportthemothertongues
thenameofthelanguageitself.
TheyholdcontestsinEsperantofluencyand
fromEurope.
of all nations? Esperanto was a language
Esperantowasmadebyselectingcommon
interchange ideas with many academic
Also, it has an insufficient technical
inventedtoaccomplishthesethings. Itwas
rootsofwordsoftheIndo-Europeanfamily
groups.
vocabularypreventingitfrombeingsuitable
meant to symbolize ‘one nation, two
of languages and combining them to a
SomespeakersofEsperantohavebecome
as a modern language. Beside this, the
languages’ so that the languages of great
simplifiedgrammar. Accordinglyitiseasy
so enthusiastic about the language that they
criticismagainstEsperantoisthatitisnota
powers wouldn’t compel lesser powers.
to learn. Esperanto’s grammar has been
have chosen to use it at home and their
real language but a dead language. Real
Instead, everyone would learn their mother
cleansed of irregularities. For instance,
children learn it as their native tongue.
languages evolve but Esperanto hasn’t.
tongueandaneutralinternationallanguage.
English has at least two totally irregular
Esperantists believe that if everybody
Esperanto is not as easy to learn as
Espersanto doesn’t belong to any country
verbs and around three hundred ‘strong’ or
learned Esperanto, war and conflict in the
Esperantistsclaim.
soeveryonecancommunicatefromanequal
‘radical-changing’ verbs, but Esperanto has
world would end. Also, they act socially,
Most international organizations have
position. However it didn’t succeed in its
one simple paradigm, and six endings
campaigningforreunionofdispersedfamily
firmly rejected Esperanto. Esperantists use
purpose. Some people say it is dead
applicabletoallverbs.Withoutexception,an
membersandreturnofprisonersofwar. As
the language for nothing other than to talk
language and has many problems. Frankly
accent is placed in the second vowel from
aresult,theyshouldbeconsiderdcandidates
aboutEsperanto. Peoplecan’texpressallthe
speaking,ithasneverbeencommonlyused,
theend. Esperantohasaproductivesystem
fortheNovelprize.
necessary concepts in Esperanto and can’t
in spite the fact that its first object is very
of word-formation. Once you have
Esperantoisusedmanyfields. Thereare
translate great literature into Esperanto. In
good.
memorizedarelativelysmallvocabularyyou
Esperanto movies, songs and literature, for
reactiontothisplentifulcriticism,Esperanto
Focus/DuaneHanson,sculptorforexhaustedpeople
KimYoo-nie/TheArgus
hatjobdoyouwanttohaveinthefuture?Ifyouareafemale,youprobablyhave
W
OurOwnMindsBeatingwithHisWork
realizedthatoursocietystillhasdiscriminationofsex.Thereforeyouwouldwant
to get a highly technol-ogized and specialized occupations which say to have less
discriminations.
To live up to this kind of anticipation, WINSA (tel. 02-3662-9417 E-mail :
winsa@hitel.net womaninfo@unit-el.co.kr) held a seminar on 26-27 March under the
lessons.Thecollege,however,had
life. For example, the contents of
experience with an affection that
theme of ‘Venture Business and Acceleration of Employment for 21st century’ in SK
areligiouscharacter,aninclination
hisworkexpressthepoorwhodie
comesacrossintheartist’scareful
TelecomHallofEwhaWoman’sUniversityforwomen.Manywomenhadkepttheir
which Hanson tired of. So, he
with social indifference, a student
attentiontodetail. Hanson’sworks
eyesonthisseminar.
transferredtoMacalisterCollegein
killing himself, a woman who is
have another character, the blank,
Aboveall,whenfocusingthecontentsofthisseminar,themeaningofremote-working
Minnesota and became its first
raped by a blackguard, etc. He
farawaylookhegavehissubjects.
isinthecore.Itincludesthereplacingworkingspacefromtheofficetohomeduetothe
graduateinfineart.
fought against social prejudice,
His works ‘Tourists II’ and ‘Old
development of computer and electronic communication equip-ments. To the
Wecanappreciatethathiswork
injustice,andindifference.
Couple Beach’ show people
occupationsinjobsofintensiveinformations,highlytechnologi-edsmallmedium-sized
changed during his period at the
concentrated on reading books;
businessitisappropriate.
university.Itbecamemoreformal,
III.Hanson’sspeciallove
whilein‘FleaMarketVendor’and
Thefunctionofremote-workingwasdefinedasatrendwhichsharestheresponsibility
but remained close to nature. It
Whenpeopleseehisexhibitions,
‘Policeman’, the subjects seem
tothesociety,thecompanies,andtheindividuals.First,thesocietysideoftrendisthat
means that he was affected by
theymaybesurprisedathiswork.
deepinthought.
physical movement has decreased through the development of transportations. So it
modern art in his college lessons.
Because the works look like real
Hanson made expressionless
phasedouttheenvironmentpollution,andcouldreducetheenergy.Thus,thistrendleads
Hanson tried to bring his natural
persons,aspectatorfeelsconfused,
faces to suggest their fatigue. He
tonetworksocietyandeconomy.Secondasthecompanysidepursuessatisfactionsof
tendency to modern styles, but he
and shocked by their directness.
said many people don’t smile in
customersandhighqualityofmanagement,theexpenseofthecompanyreduces.These
could never draw an abstract
They express the exhausted lives
usuallife. Asmileisnothingbuta
days,trendistobeinducedwithnewsystemslikeFlex-settingannualsalarysbyone’s
painting. He couldn’t reconcile
of common men trapped in their
momentary expression. A person
capability. Third the individual side has become self-competitive and close to family.
realism and abstraction. After he
daily routines or by circumstances
ill or unemployment rarely smiles
Thesetrendscouldreleasemuchburdensoforganization.
graduatedfromcollege,hetraveled
beyondtheircontrol. Forexample,
atall. Theyarenothappy,sowhy
Now,willoursocietywouldbecomeasaremote-workingone?Howcanyougetajob
in Germany. He made ‘Bowery
one of the early works, ‘War’,
should his works show them
inthefuture? Itwillmagnifyanopportunityofeducationinremoteandmulti-media,
Derelicts’, which is exhibited in
accuses the Vietnam war of
smiling?
andwillhavenodiscrimina-tioninschool,spreadingpersonalcommunicationnetworks.
Germany at the Neue Gallery.
destroying and killing people
Youwillwanttogetjobsconcerningcomputer,likeainformationprovider,contents
IV.FeelingHanson’sworld
‘Bowery Derelicts’ is a haunting
without consideration for their
provider, game designer and programmer, graphic designer, web designer, software
depiction of three homeless men
humanity. ‘War’ shows fear and
Itisinterestingthatinhiswork,
engineer,desk-toppublisher,foranex-ample.Butourrealitiesarenotbright.Itislacked
lying and sitting half-prone amid
suffering made vivid with new
Hansontookhissubjectsfromhis
incapabilitiesofmanagersandtoolstotaskmanagements.Ithasproblemsinthespeed
strewn garbage, each holding his
techniques. ‘War’ is a life-sized
own experience. If he kept
ofcommunicationandpreservation.Asifitis,howwillwepreparetoourfuture?The
ownbottleofalcohol.
piece crafted in polyester and
companywithagirlnamed‘Rita’,
nation has to build manpower bank on a web site, so it could connect between the
Duane Hanson working in his studio. He liked to make life-sized
After teaching at various
fiberglassandispolychrome.
he made a sculpture called ‘Rita
companyandpersonsseekingjobs.Thechargeofthecommunicationmustbereduced
piecescraftedinpolyesterandfiberglass.
collegesinGermanyandAmerica,
Hanson was an artist of new
theWaitress’. Itrepresentsherlife
too.Theintroducedcompaniesshouldbefair,objectiveevaluationsystemhastohave
he migrated into Miami in the
realism. Newrealismisobjective
and what he sensed about the
the tool of remote-working like groupware, software. And the person have to realize
I.Introduction
II.Lifeasasculptor
middle 1960s, working at David
without any comment. Hanson
importance of service and money
professionalismanddefinitetargets.
he new millennium is
DuaneHansonwasborninvery
College. Miamiwasnotoriousfor
wanted spectators to talk about
in her life. ‘Tourists’ shows two
Anotherinformationthemewasventurebusiness.Growthofventurebusinessisresult
T
coming, which means a year
small village, Alexandria,
the abortion problem. When
their responses. Not being
peopleclutchingtightlyatthetwo
ofnationalstrategy.InKorea,thebusinessesestablished1997were1,700,thefigurewill
ofnewhopes. Everycountrywill
Minnesota, in 1925. The village
young women went through the
satisfiedintheworld,hewantedto
handles of a bag, revealing their
become 6,400 in year 2000 and 44,000 in 2,005. Venture businesses will make
hold festivals, celebrating the new
had700people,andmostofthem,
abortion operation by unlicensed
express dissatisfying feelings,
fear of unfamiliar surroundings
employments and will have effect in the economic growth. In Silicon Valley, for
year. People are full of ex-
including his parents, knew little
doctors, some of them lost their
though he couldn’t change the
and perhaps their doubts about
example, had positive impact on the nation’s economy by 33.8% per year and makes
pectations. We, however, have
aboutfineart. WhenHansonwas
lives. Hanson was concerned
world. He felt that the fine arts
eachother.
40%ofthetotalexport.ThereforeitcouldbeasolutiontoovercometheIMF’ssituation.
experienced the IMF situation in
13 years old, he found only one
aboutthismatter. Thisisreflected
didn’t reflect realities or talk to
ItisdifficulttodefineHanson’s
Most of the audiences of this seminar were women. Women can be good at high-
our country, and so should know
bookaboutfineartinthelibraryof
inhiswork‘Abortion’,whichtells
spectators about life, wasting
work. One thinks of the terms
technology and multi-media tasks as much as men could do. For these kinds of jobs
theestrangementfeltbylessbetter
hisvillage. Therehesawaportrait
thedangerofabortion. Apregnant
essentialvaluesinpeople.
‘New Realism’ or ‘Photorealism’,
require persistence as well as ability, and women are as strong as men. Now, women
off people around the world.
of Thomas Gainsbura. Then, he
woman dying on the operating
He kept the theme of morality
but they don’t fit its meaning.
wouldleadtheworldof21stcentury.
There are many homeless, old
carved his first work, ‘Blue Boy’.
table is described realistically in a
and portrayed ordinary lives as
Photorealists seem inhumane and
Expecially,themanagementJoosaidwomencouldn’tshowtheircabilitybecauseof
people, blue-collar workers and
Then, Hanson made more
stylethatexpressesdirectexposure
longashelived. Whenhetraveled
mechanical.ButHansonapproach-
much obstacles like a partriarchal system, dignity principle, etc. But, now, these
unemployed. Many of them live
carvings, of historical persons like
to her agony. The work was
in Germany, he stayed with the
ed his work with love and warm
obstaclesaredisappearing,andwomenwillgetprofessional,specializedjobconstantly.
without any dreams, even killing
LincolnandQueenVictoria. After
criticized for breaking the bounds
otherfamilies.Hefeltthatthemost
insight,inawaypropertohuman
Alloverthewomenshouldalwayshavehope,sheadded.Theyshouldmakeaneffort
themselvesoutofdespairfortheir
makingtheseworks,hedecidedto
of art. So, he was fired from the
beautifulthingwastolivetogether.
realists. Hanson made his sculp-
toward other fields which they couldn’t by only the reason they are women. And Joo
difficult lives. Because people
dedicatehislifetoart. Heseemed
college.
Hislifewassometimeslonely,for
tures living testaments to the lives
Hae-kyoung, the management of Samsung SDS tought about the occupations which
tendtobecaughtupintheburdens
tohaveanaturalgift.
Hansonexplainedthatthiswork
he didn’t marry, and had no
we all know. When we look at
womencanchallengeinthefuture.Butwomenhastohaveanotherelementwhichisa
of their own lives, they don’t
His father was a typical farmer
was a break through for him,
brothersandsisters. Hedepended
own lives, we can understand his
open-mindandconstructivecriticism.Thoughcontentofthisseminarwasverydifficult
concern themselves with others’
and his home didn’t have much
reconfirming his belief in the
on the kindness of strangers,
work very intimately. Finally,
and had little prejudice, this seminar showed that women has power and speciality of
problems. Novelists may show
fortune. As a result he couldn’t
powerofrealismtoexpresspresent
warminghisheartbydegreesfrom
Hanson’s work mirrors what it
theirown.
poor people and their exhausted
receive education and found work
life. “I mean that ‘Abortion’ told
them. Herepresentedordinarylife
facesinourownminds.
lives in their works, but, for the
in several types of manual
oursurroundinglife. Ihadbeenat
insuchworksas‘FootballPlayer’,
most part, art circles seem to
occupations. As a waiter and
oddsorindiscordaboutrealityand
‘Traveler’, ‘Painter’, ‘Policeman’,
remaindifferent. It’stimethento
rough worker, he earned the
abstract character. I finally chose
and‘Cowboy’. Theworkexposes
ByKimYoo-nie
meetasculptorstaringattiredlife
moneyheneededtobeadmittedto
topurserealism.Thisismyway.”
theconditionofvariousbluecollar
ByKimYoo-nie
AssociateEditorof
withwarmaffection. HeisDuane
LutherCollegeinIowa. Thus,he
After that, Hanson turned his
workers, and speaks for their
Theory&CritiqueSection
AssociateEditorof Theory&CritiqueSection
Hanson.
was able to receive systematic
work increasingly toward social
exhausted lives and hard

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