총 48페이지

Cover Story
ParkChung-hee
ChoiKyu-hah
(5thto9thPresident)
(10thPresident)
1963
1979
1966
1967
1971
1977
1978
Thecultivation
Thedevelopmnet
Thedistribution
TheGreen
Themarket
Theassassination
andfailureof
ofTong-il
ofTong-il
Revolution
openingand
ofParkChung-hee
Hee-nong
theprevalence
ofriceblast
First, Tong-il raised the self-sufficiency rate of food by increasing the total yield, and the government could invest more in
the industrial sector by cutting its expenses on the import of food. In addition, farmers who chose to cultivate Tong-il received
incentives when they sold their agricultural produce or bought fertilizers and farming equipments. At the same time, the
administrationimplementeda“Double-tieredgrainpricesystem”inwhichthegovernmentpurchasedricefromruralareasathigh
pricesandundersolditinurbanareas.Inthisway,theruralareasprovidedthecitieswithfoodinexchangeforconsumergoods
andrawmaterialsfromthecities,thusformingasymbioticrelationshiptoeachother.
Thanks to this win-win situation, there were times when the average nominal income per household in rural areas exceeded
thatofurbanareasinthelate1970s.Inparticular,Tong-ilwasmoreeffectiveamongpettyandmiddle-classfarmers.Unlikethe
rich farmers who were already able to earn money through the cultivation of cash crops, small and middle-sized farmers had
yet to fully adapt to the newly established monetary economic system. In response, they paid attention to Tong-il as a source of
cashincome,andactivelyacceptedandcultivatedit.Tosumup,thecultivationofTong-illedtothecirculationofcashandgoods
betweenruralandurbanareas,servingasagreatfoundationforeconomicgrowthduringthe1970s.
ThedarksideofTong-ilrice
Atimebombcalledgeneticuniformity
In the 1970s, the government pushed for the nationwide cultivation of Tong-il rice almost involuntarily to achieve “Food self-
support.”However,thispolicyimpliedecologicalinstabilitystemmingfromamonocultureofhomogenousvariety.AsTong-iland
itsfollow-upvarietieswereartificiallyinterbredrice,thegenetichomogeneitybetweenthemwassohighthatmostvarietieshad
commonancestors,datingbackonlythreetofourgenerations.Inotherwords,theirstrengthsandweaknesseswereallthesame.
Thus,thericeproductionsystembecamevulnerabletocertainepidemicsorunexpectedenvironmentalchanges.
However, the Rural Development Administration accelerated the distribution of Tong-il to speed up the accomplishment of the
Green Revolution, and the concerns of experts soon became a reality. In 1977, sporadic reports about rice blast infecting Tong-
ilemerged.Unfortunately,suchbadomenswereneglectedamidthecelebrationofunprecedentedriceyields.Intheend,without
anypriorpreparations,thecultivationareasforTong-ilin1978exceeded76percentofallricepaddies.SunYou-jeong,afull-time
researcheroftheKoreanResearchInstituteofScience,TechnologyandCivilization,said,“AsDarwin’stheoryofnaturalselection,
thediseasetoleranceofTong-ilhadweakenedaspathogenshadevolvedtobeabletoinfectTong-il.”
In the spring of 1978, the rice blast became prevalent throughout the country, and the yields of Tong-il dropped significantly.
About56,000hectares,whichaccountfor13percentofthetotalricecultivationarea,weredamagedbyriceblast,and98.9percent
oftheinfectedricewastheTong-ilfamily.FarmerswhogrewTong-ilinaccordancewiththegovernment’sdirectivewerestuck
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