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Tongues
meaningoftheKorean.Finally,thetermsKoryo-SaramandKoryo-marwererevived.
Koryo-mar, which has continued for three generations since the forced migration, has been preserved mainly in spoken
languageandhasundergonechangesduetotheinfluenceoftheRussianlanguage.SincethecollapseoftheSovietUnion
in1991,contactwithCentralAsiaandKoreahasbecomemorefrequent.Thus,Koryo-marhasassimilatedintothemodern
Koreanlanguage.Astimewentby,fewergenerationscouldspeakKoryo-mar,butduetotheinfluenceoftheKoreanWave,
thereweremoreopportunitiestolearnmodernstandardKorean.Inresponse,Dr.PhilKim,emeritusprofessorofKazakh
NationalUniversity,said,“AfterthecollapseoftheSovietUnionin1991,Koryo-marwasrapidlyinfluencedbythemodern
KoreanlanguageduetofrequentvisitsbyKoreanslivinginKorea,theAmericasandEurope.WithKoreanasamajorin
universities in Central Asia, most Koryo-Saram aged 40 or younger who can understand now generally follow modern
KoreangrammarbecausetheyneverlearnedKoryo-marwell.”
FeaturesofKoryo-mar
(1)BorrowingfromtheRussianlanguage
Koryo-mar has a large number of Russian cognates, as Koryo-Saram often
Exampleword
borrowedRussianwordsratherthanmakingnewwordsinKorean.Themost
important reason for this was that the influence of the mainstream language
Russian was predominant in the Soviet Union countries where the Koryo-
?Match-pichiki-спички[spichiki]
Saramlived.
?Newspaper-Gajeta-газета[Gajeta]
The first principle of borrowing is to create a new Koryo-mar word.
?Necktie-Galstuk-галстук[Galstuk]
According to Dr. Phil Kim, an example of this is the word “bulsulgi.” When
?Shop-Magajin-магазин[Magajin]
Koreans first saw the train in Maritime Territory of Russia, they did not use
?Desk-Stol-стол[stol]
the word “poyezd,” which means train in Russian. They thought a train was
?Market-Bazaar-базар[Bazar]
acartspoutingfire.ThismeaningwasreconstructedintotheKoryo-marand
theword“bulsulgi”wasborn.Itisacombinationof“bul”whichmeansfireof
thetrainand“sulgi”whichmeansacart.
ThesecondprincipleofborrowingistopronounceRussianwordsinaKoryo-maraccent.
(2)SimilaritieswiththeNorthKoreanlanguage
During the Soviet era, Koryo-Saram tended to follow the North Korean notation. After
ⓒWikipedia
the collapse of the Soviet Union, both the North Korean language and the standard Korean
language were used. In particular, Koryo-mar was he avily influenced by the dialect of the
North Korean province of Hamgyeong. During the Joseon Dynasty, many people from
Hamgyeong-do moved to Russia. Dr. Phil Kim said, “In the early days, they had written with
theorthographyrulesofKoryo-marmadebyscholarswhowereKoryo-Saram.However,North
Korea was founded in 1945 with the support of the Soviet Union during World War II, and
exchanges between the Soviet Union and North Korea became active. This led to Koryo-mar
grammarfollowingNorthKoreangrammar,especiallytheHamgyeong-dodialect.
Forexample,intheHamgyeongdodialect,theconsonant“‘ㄱ[k]’+vowel‘ㅣ[i]’”iswrittenas
“ki”butpronouncedas“ji[ji].”Duetotheseinfluences,theKoryo-maristhesame.Kimchi,the
standardKoreanwordKimchi,isJimchiinKoryo-mar,andKiruem(oil)isJiruem.
Inaddition,sentenceendingsofKoryo-mararethesameasintheHamgyeongdodialect,not
▲MapofHamgyeong-do
(red)andVladivostok
modernKorean,accordingtoDr.Kim.
(green)
IntheHamgyeongdodialectandKoryo-mar,theinterrogativesentenceclosingendingis“-m
du,”andthehonorificdeclarativesentenceclosingendingis“-kkuma.”
25
OCTOBER 2020

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