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Tongues
Times
ⓒKoreilbo
ⓒKorea
▲MigrationrouteofKoryo-SaramtoCentralAsia.
▲Koryo-Saramareforcedtomigrate.
HistoryofKoryo-Saram’smigration
In1863,Koreans(Koryo-Saram)begantomovetoRussia.Someofthemwereimmigrantsforagriculturalpurposes,andsomeof
themwantedtoavoidJapanesesurveillanceandtocarryontheKoreanindependencemovement.
In1937,theywereforcedtomovetoCentralAsiabecauseofStalin’sharshsegregationanddiscriminationpolicies.Atthattime,
thenumberofKoryo-Saramwas175,000,ofwhich11,000diedduringforcedmigration.However,theKoryo-Saramhavepioneered
thewildernessofCentralAsia,becomingtherichestethnicminorityintheSovietUnion.
In 1992, when the Soviet Union collapsed and separated into 11 independent states, an exclusive nationalist movement spread
intheCentralAsiancountryinhabitedbyKoryo-Saram.Asaresult,Koryo-Saramweredismissedanddeported,puttingthemina
difficulteconomicsituation.Thus,thenumberofthemmovingbacktotheMaritimeTerritoryofRussiaincreased.
In 2005, about 200,000 Koryo-Saram lived in Uzbekistan. In addition, Koryo-Saram live in Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan,
Ukraine,andTurkmenistan.
Koryo-marusage
ThenumberofKoryo-marusersissignificantlysmallcomparedtoabout400,000Koryo-Saram.ThereasonforthisisthatKoryo-
marskillsgenerallyvarydependingontheperiodofmigrationtoCentralAsia.Also,thereasonisthatasgenerationspassby,they
learnanduselocallanguagesratherthanKoryo-mar.AccordingtoKwakChung-gu,emeritusprofessorofSogangUniversity,in“The
Data and Research of Koryo-mar in Central Asia(2007)” Koryo-Saram aged 70 or older in Central Asia use the Koryo-mar in their
dailyliveswithKoryo-Saramofthesameage.Koreansaged50-60canunderstandandspeakthebeginner-levelofKoryo-mar,but
theyroutinelyspokeRussian.Ontheotherhand,teenagersdidnotspeakKoryo-maratall.
HistoryandChangeofKoryo-mar
Until 1937, just before World War II, the language used by Koryo-Saram in Russia’s Far East was the dialect of North
HamgyongProvinceontheKoreanPeninsula.
Aftertheforcedmigration,BannerofLenin(nowtheKoryoIlbo),anewspaperoftheKoryo-Saram,andKoryoTheater
(Korea Theater), which performed in Koryo-mar, were reconstructed in Central Asia to take the lead in the use and
disseminationoftheKoreanlanguage.ButthesewereineffectiveforthesecondgenerationofKoryo-Sarambecausethey
were socializing. They were able to learn the basic grammar of Koryo-mar at school and learn colloquialisms through
conversationswiththeirgrandparentsorparentsathome.However,therewereonlyafewofthesepeople,andmostofthe
Koryo-SaramspeakRussianmainlyfromtheSovietera.
BeforetheSovietera,theKoryo-SaramusedthewordsKoryo-SaramandKoryo-mar.However,duringtheSovietera,it
was called Joseon-Saram and the people, Joseon-mar, which means North Korea. After the collapse of the Soviet Union,
they reused the term “Koryo” to distinguish themselves from Korean compatriots in other regions and to include the
24
www.theargus.org
Times
ⓒKoreilbo
ⓒKorea
▲MigrationrouteofKoryo-SaramtoCentralAsia.
▲Koryo-Saramareforcedtomigrate.
HistoryofKoryo-Saram’smigration
In1863,Koreans(Koryo-Saram)begantomovetoRussia.Someofthemwereimmigrantsforagriculturalpurposes,andsomeof
themwantedtoavoidJapanesesurveillanceandtocarryontheKoreanindependencemovement.
In1937,theywereforcedtomovetoCentralAsiabecauseofStalin’sharshsegregationanddiscriminationpolicies.Atthattime,
thenumberofKoryo-Saramwas175,000,ofwhich11,000diedduringforcedmigration.However,theKoryo-Saramhavepioneered
thewildernessofCentralAsia,becomingtherichestethnicminorityintheSovietUnion.
In 1992, when the Soviet Union collapsed and separated into 11 independent states, an exclusive nationalist movement spread
intheCentralAsiancountryinhabitedbyKoryo-Saram.Asaresult,Koryo-Saramweredismissedanddeported,puttingthemina
difficulteconomicsituation.Thus,thenumberofthemmovingbacktotheMaritimeTerritoryofRussiaincreased.
In 2005, about 200,000 Koryo-Saram lived in Uzbekistan. In addition, Koryo-Saram live in Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan,
Ukraine,andTurkmenistan.
Koryo-marusage
ThenumberofKoryo-marusersissignificantlysmallcomparedtoabout400,000Koryo-Saram.ThereasonforthisisthatKoryo-
marskillsgenerallyvarydependingontheperiodofmigrationtoCentralAsia.Also,thereasonisthatasgenerationspassby,they
learnanduselocallanguagesratherthanKoryo-mar.AccordingtoKwakChung-gu,emeritusprofessorofSogangUniversity,in“The
Data and Research of Koryo-mar in Central Asia(2007)” Koryo-Saram aged 70 or older in Central Asia use the Koryo-mar in their
dailyliveswithKoryo-Saramofthesameage.Koreansaged50-60canunderstandandspeakthebeginner-levelofKoryo-mar,but
theyroutinelyspokeRussian.Ontheotherhand,teenagersdidnotspeakKoryo-maratall.
HistoryandChangeofKoryo-mar
Until 1937, just before World War II, the language used by Koryo-Saram in Russia’s Far East was the dialect of North
HamgyongProvinceontheKoreanPeninsula.
Aftertheforcedmigration,BannerofLenin(nowtheKoryoIlbo),anewspaperoftheKoryo-Saram,andKoryoTheater
(Korea Theater), which performed in Koryo-mar, were reconstructed in Central Asia to take the lead in the use and
disseminationoftheKoreanlanguage.ButthesewereineffectiveforthesecondgenerationofKoryo-Sarambecausethey
were socializing. They were able to learn the basic grammar of Koryo-mar at school and learn colloquialisms through
conversationswiththeirgrandparentsorparentsathome.However,therewereonlyafewofthesepeople,andmostofthe
Koryo-SaramspeakRussianmainlyfromtheSovietera.
BeforetheSovietera,theKoryo-SaramusedthewordsKoryo-SaramandKoryo-mar.However,duringtheSovietera,it
was called Joseon-Saram and the people, Joseon-mar, which means North Korea. After the collapse of the Soviet Union,
they reused the term “Koryo” to distinguish themselves from Korean compatriots in other regions and to include the
24
www.theargus.org
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