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Cover Story
thejuniorpersonshouldgiverespecttotheseniorperson.Becauseofthislinguisticconstraint,theKoreanage
countingsystemhasnotbeenatrivialmatterinKorea.
There is criticism that the Korean counting age system deepens the
Foundation
age hierarchy culture. In many countries using the international age, it is
common for people to be friends without considering age. However, the
Cultural
Korean age counting system along with the remaining Confucian culture
ⓒKorean
creates hierarchical order within relationships and is still causing social
conflict. Seol Dong-hoon, a professor of Sociology at Chonbuk National
University, said, “Among the traditional and Confucian principles of
hierarchicalstructure,theagehierarchyof‘Eldersfirst’isstillpersistentin
▲IntheConfuciantradition,Koreans
havelivedbyanethicbasedonfive
Koreansociety.Effortsareneededtochangethelegalsystemandovercome
hierarchicalrelationships:father-son,
theagehierarchyinKorea.”
king-subject,husband-wife,elder-
youngerandfriend-friend.
TheStartofBETYandStrictHierarchy
Why and when did the concept BETY begin? It was since 1950 when they started to enter school faster. In
KoreathenewsemesterofschoolstartedinOctoberuntil1949,thesameasmanyothercountries.So,children
born from October to December, who became 6-years-old before the entrance year, and children born from
January to August, who became 6-years-old at the entrance year entered elementary school together. However,
the Education Law reform in December 1950 allowed students who turned six before March to enter school,
butalsoallowedstudentsborninJanuaryandFebruarytoenterschoolearlierwiththosewhowereborninthe
previous year. Consequently, the term “Born-early-in-the-year,” and the related culture arose. This bill did not
causeconfusionatfirst.In1950,whenthebillstarted,manypeopleenteredschoolafewyearslatebecauseof
povertyandincorrectbirthregistrationsoagedifferenceinaclasswascommon.However,astimepassed,the
cases of late entrance became less frequent, creating the “BETY” problem in Korean education. Moon Chan-
ki, a lecturer in Psychology at Leeds Beckett University, said, “Korea, which has the strictest hierarchy all
over the world, shows a big difference from other countries that it has a permanent dominance order based on
age which is decided from birth. Particularly in Korea, as age affects the
ⓒeduinnews
hierarchysystemmostgreatly,itisobvioustorespondsensitivelytoaone-
yeargap.ChoiBong-young,aformerprofessorintheDepartmentofKorea
at Korean Aerospace University, explained, “Structural honorification of
Korean intensifies Korea’s ranking culture, and deepens desire for power
and competition, resulting the division on BETY.” The strictly hierarchical
cultureofKoreabasedonagefunctionedtomakeauniqueBETYculture.
▲Koreahasstrictagehierarchy,
whichmakesonefeelthatoneyear
differenceishuge.
WhyRealAgeandLegalAgeAreDifferent?
Intheearly20thcenturyandrightaftertheKoreanWar,Koreawasapoorcountrywheretheinfantmortality
ratefrommeaslesandtuberculosiswasveryhigh.Underthesecircumstances,itwascommontoregisterachild
inthefamilyregisterayearlater,onlyaftertheinfanthadsurvived.Insomecases,parentswaitedfor6months
to3yearswithoutregisteringthebirthofchild.Ingeneral,itwascommontoregisterthebirthofinfantonthe
date exactly one year after birth. Even if there was a difference in the year, the date of birth was the same to
23
MAY 2022
thejuniorpersonshouldgiverespecttotheseniorperson.Becauseofthislinguisticconstraint,theKoreanage
countingsystemhasnotbeenatrivialmatterinKorea.
There is criticism that the Korean counting age system deepens the
Foundation
age hierarchy culture. In many countries using the international age, it is
common for people to be friends without considering age. However, the
Cultural
Korean age counting system along with the remaining Confucian culture
ⓒKorean
creates hierarchical order within relationships and is still causing social
conflict. Seol Dong-hoon, a professor of Sociology at Chonbuk National
University, said, “Among the traditional and Confucian principles of
hierarchicalstructure,theagehierarchyof‘Eldersfirst’isstillpersistentin
▲IntheConfuciantradition,Koreans
havelivedbyanethicbasedonfive
Koreansociety.Effortsareneededtochangethelegalsystemandovercome
hierarchicalrelationships:father-son,
theagehierarchyinKorea.”
king-subject,husband-wife,elder-
youngerandfriend-friend.
TheStartofBETYandStrictHierarchy
Why and when did the concept BETY begin? It was since 1950 when they started to enter school faster. In
KoreathenewsemesterofschoolstartedinOctoberuntil1949,thesameasmanyothercountries.So,children
born from October to December, who became 6-years-old before the entrance year, and children born from
January to August, who became 6-years-old at the entrance year entered elementary school together. However,
the Education Law reform in December 1950 allowed students who turned six before March to enter school,
butalsoallowedstudentsborninJanuaryandFebruarytoenterschoolearlierwiththosewhowereborninthe
previous year. Consequently, the term “Born-early-in-the-year,” and the related culture arose. This bill did not
causeconfusionatfirst.In1950,whenthebillstarted,manypeopleenteredschoolafewyearslatebecauseof
povertyandincorrectbirthregistrationsoagedifferenceinaclasswascommon.However,astimepassed,the
cases of late entrance became less frequent, creating the “BETY” problem in Korean education. Moon Chan-
ki, a lecturer in Psychology at Leeds Beckett University, said, “Korea, which has the strictest hierarchy all
over the world, shows a big difference from other countries that it has a permanent dominance order based on
age which is decided from birth. Particularly in Korea, as age affects the
ⓒeduinnews
hierarchysystemmostgreatly,itisobvioustorespondsensitivelytoaone-
yeargap.ChoiBong-young,aformerprofessorintheDepartmentofKorea
at Korean Aerospace University, explained, “Structural honorification of
Korean intensifies Korea’s ranking culture, and deepens desire for power
and competition, resulting the division on BETY.” The strictly hierarchical
cultureofKoreabasedonagefunctionedtomakeauniqueBETYculture.
▲Koreahasstrictagehierarchy,
whichmakesonefeelthatoneyear
differenceishuge.
WhyRealAgeandLegalAgeAreDifferent?
Intheearly20thcenturyandrightaftertheKoreanWar,Koreawasapoorcountrywheretheinfantmortality
ratefrommeaslesandtuberculosiswasveryhigh.Underthesecircumstances,itwascommontoregisterachild
inthefamilyregisterayearlater,onlyaftertheinfanthadsurvived.Insomecases,parentswaitedfor6months
to3yearswithoutregisteringthebirthofchild.Ingeneral,itwascommontoregisterthebirthofinfantonthe
date exactly one year after birth. Even if there was a difference in the year, the date of birth was the same to
23
MAY 2022
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