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Caduceus
groups were in a situation where they could avoid electric
only what you want to see, hearing only what you want
shocks if they jumped over the middle wall, but only Group
to hear, and believing only what you want to believe,”
A and C crossed the wall and avoided electric shocks. On
is called “Confirmation Bias.” American psychologist
the other hand, Group B crouched in the corner, accepting
Raymond Nickerson defines confirmation bias as “an act of
the electric shocks with no response. Group B learned
inappropriately reinforcing a hypothesis or belief in which
helplessness,theideathattheywouldnotbeabletoovercome
truth is uncertain.” Humans are defensive about their beliefs
thesituationnomatterwhattheydid.
wavering according to the environment in which they have
lived. Lee Ji-yeon, a counseling psychology professor at the
Psychology
GraduateSchoolofEducationatHUFS,said,“Peoplebelieve
theiropinionsaresociallyacceptedandwanttoabsorbbiased
ⓒSimply
informationtoreducethepsychologicaldiscomfortcausedby
cognitivedissonance.Socialmedianewsfeedsusealgorithms
to display posts consistent with our opinions and interests,
whichcanleadtoastrongerself-deflectionifexposedonlyto
thosethatconfirmourperspective,”sheexplained.
Information-oriented acquisition consistent with one’s
beliefscanleadtoa“FalseConsensusEffect.”Thetermfalse
consensus effect means an overestimation that more people
▲The box is divided by a low partition. Dogs in each group were able to
avoid electric shocks. The experiment shows the different response after
will agree with one’s opinions without a logical ground. The
repetitiveexperiences.
online world is a place that can change the interpretation of
In addition to the Sewol ferry accident, Korean society
reality depending on which arena one spends time in. The
has been exposed to negative events such as the collapse of
informationencounteredbythealgorithmcouldleadtobiased
Sampoong Department Store in 1995, the fire accident at
opinionasprofessorLeewarnedabove.Similarly,participants
SealandYouthTrainingCenterin1999,andtheDaegusubway
interactingonlyinaspacewithpeoplehavingsimilaropinion
fire accident in 2003. Jung Tae-yun, a psychology professor
are much easier to think that non-participants would also
at Chung-Ang University, diagnosed Korean society through
thinkastheydo.KangMi-eun,aprofessorofcommunication
No-Cut News, saying, “The repetition of negative events
and media at Sookmyung Women’s University, who wrote
experiencedthroughKoreansocietyhasmadepeoplebecome
a 2008 column in the Dong-A Ilbo, stressed, “The effect of
moreinclinedtocoverup,ignore,andforgetincidentsassoon
false consensus implies an intention to accept one’s image
as possible.” Professor Jung explained that this attitude is an
more positively and gain social recognition by universalizing
effective psychological strategy for adapting quickly to the
one’sactions.Thereisahighriskofmovingtowardcollective
unstable Korean society, adding that this, in fact, proves the
thinking while similar people are expressing their opinions
society is not stable. Citizens have reprimanded the person
andcreatingafalseconsensuseffect.”Itwouldbeinadequate
responsible, established countermeasures, and changed
to conclude that one’s perspective is universal without basis
their behavior to prevent accidents after those big disasters.
on an undistorted sense of reality, because it can lead to
As the same incident occurs repeatedly, however, people
automatically assuming that others’ views are wrong. In a
tend to feel helpless and have no idea how to effect societal
situation where the view of the Sewol ferry disaster is starkly
change. Helpless sentiments such as “Trying does not change
divided,oneshouldtakecautionwhendiscussingtheincident
anything,” or “Our country is always like that,” have been
only in a community friendly to a specific view, which can
solidified,causingpeopletoavoidratherthandiscussthetruth
leadtoafalseconsensuseffect.
andsolutionsabouttheSewolferrydisaster.
*Cognitive dissonance: Cognitive dissonance refers to a mental stress or
discomfort that an individual experiences when one has two or more opposing
ConfirmationBiasandFalseConsensusEffect
beliefs, thoughts, and values at the same time, or when one encounters new
informationthatiscontrarytowhathehas.
People absorb information in a self-biased way to reduce
cognitive dissonance.* This psychological effect, “seeing
21
SEPTEMBER 2022
groups were in a situation where they could avoid electric
only what you want to see, hearing only what you want
shocks if they jumped over the middle wall, but only Group
to hear, and believing only what you want to believe,”
A and C crossed the wall and avoided electric shocks. On
is called “Confirmation Bias.” American psychologist
the other hand, Group B crouched in the corner, accepting
Raymond Nickerson defines confirmation bias as “an act of
the electric shocks with no response. Group B learned
inappropriately reinforcing a hypothesis or belief in which
helplessness,theideathattheywouldnotbeabletoovercome
truth is uncertain.” Humans are defensive about their beliefs
thesituationnomatterwhattheydid.
wavering according to the environment in which they have
lived. Lee Ji-yeon, a counseling psychology professor at the
Psychology
GraduateSchoolofEducationatHUFS,said,“Peoplebelieve
theiropinionsaresociallyacceptedandwanttoabsorbbiased
ⓒSimply
informationtoreducethepsychologicaldiscomfortcausedby
cognitivedissonance.Socialmedianewsfeedsusealgorithms
to display posts consistent with our opinions and interests,
whichcanleadtoastrongerself-deflectionifexposedonlyto
thosethatconfirmourperspective,”sheexplained.
Information-oriented acquisition consistent with one’s
beliefscanleadtoa“FalseConsensusEffect.”Thetermfalse
consensus effect means an overestimation that more people
▲The box is divided by a low partition. Dogs in each group were able to
avoid electric shocks. The experiment shows the different response after
will agree with one’s opinions without a logical ground. The
repetitiveexperiences.
online world is a place that can change the interpretation of
In addition to the Sewol ferry accident, Korean society
reality depending on which arena one spends time in. The
has been exposed to negative events such as the collapse of
informationencounteredbythealgorithmcouldleadtobiased
Sampoong Department Store in 1995, the fire accident at
opinionasprofessorLeewarnedabove.Similarly,participants
SealandYouthTrainingCenterin1999,andtheDaegusubway
interactingonlyinaspacewithpeoplehavingsimilaropinion
fire accident in 2003. Jung Tae-yun, a psychology professor
are much easier to think that non-participants would also
at Chung-Ang University, diagnosed Korean society through
thinkastheydo.KangMi-eun,aprofessorofcommunication
No-Cut News, saying, “The repetition of negative events
and media at Sookmyung Women’s University, who wrote
experiencedthroughKoreansocietyhasmadepeoplebecome
a 2008 column in the Dong-A Ilbo, stressed, “The effect of
moreinclinedtocoverup,ignore,andforgetincidentsassoon
false consensus implies an intention to accept one’s image
as possible.” Professor Jung explained that this attitude is an
more positively and gain social recognition by universalizing
effective psychological strategy for adapting quickly to the
one’sactions.Thereisahighriskofmovingtowardcollective
unstable Korean society, adding that this, in fact, proves the
thinking while similar people are expressing their opinions
society is not stable. Citizens have reprimanded the person
andcreatingafalseconsensuseffect.”Itwouldbeinadequate
responsible, established countermeasures, and changed
to conclude that one’s perspective is universal without basis
their behavior to prevent accidents after those big disasters.
on an undistorted sense of reality, because it can lead to
As the same incident occurs repeatedly, however, people
automatically assuming that others’ views are wrong. In a
tend to feel helpless and have no idea how to effect societal
situation where the view of the Sewol ferry disaster is starkly
change. Helpless sentiments such as “Trying does not change
divided,oneshouldtakecautionwhendiscussingtheincident
anything,” or “Our country is always like that,” have been
only in a community friendly to a specific view, which can
solidified,causingpeopletoavoidratherthandiscussthetruth
leadtoafalseconsensuseffect.
andsolutionsabouttheSewolferrydisaster.
*Cognitive dissonance: Cognitive dissonance refers to a mental stress or
discomfort that an individual experiences when one has two or more opposing
ConfirmationBiasandFalseConsensusEffect
beliefs, thoughts, and values at the same time, or when one encounters new
informationthatiscontrarytowhathehas.
People absorb information in a self-biased way to reduce
cognitive dissonance.* This psychological effect, “seeing
21
SEPTEMBER 2022
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