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Caduceus
Sewol Ferry Disaster: A ferry called “MV Sewol” capsized on April 16, 2014, near the coast of Jindo-gun,
Jeollanam-do, South Korea. Most of the people on board were high school students on a school trip, and 304 out
of 476 people died. It is the fifth highest casualty figure of a coastal accident in South Korea. At the time of the
accident, repeated announcements to stay in the ferry led to the evacuation being delayed and failure to respond
properly and efficiently, and eventually caused massive casualties. This incident is considered to show the current
stateofSouthKorea’ssafetymanagementmiredinsafetyinsensitivityandtheheightofachaoticsociety.
need for cognitive closure is strong, people tend to follow
PeopleSaying“Iamsickofit”
easy and straightforward opinions. When seemingly logical
reasonsarepresentedtogether,itiseasytofollowtheopinion.
ZeigarnikEffectandtheNeedforCognitiveClosure
Whether consciously or not, people are constantly concerned
Moreover, this phenomenon appears more frequently when
with unresolved problems and try to abruptly draw a
the person presenting the opinion has authority. In addition,
conclusion out of them. An incomplete solution that has not
prejudice affects decision-making, as it deepens distrust
received careful consideration thus seems to be constantly
and facilitates an unhealthy way of binary thinking. After
repeated in the memory circuit,* so the memory lasts longer
the Sewol ferry disaster, the government - in the position of
than the completed one, and this is called the “Zeigarnik
leadership-andthepresswithlogictoldthepublicthatthey
Effect.” Russian psychologist Bluma Zeigarnik discovered
uncovered the cause and punished the person responsible and
thislawbychancein1927throughawaiterworkingatacafe
the compensation for the bereaved families was completed.
in Austria. Zeigarnik, looking at the waiters receiving orders
Therefore, those saying “Isn’t it over?” are focusing only on
fromnumerouscustomers,askedawaiterwhatitemhehadjust
the fact that the legal process has been completed rather than
served to the table next to him. But the waiter, embarrassed,
onunderstandingwhythefamiliesarestillaskingfortruth.
scratched his head and replied that he could not remember
at all. Based on this experiment, Zeigarnik conducted an
*Memorialcircuit:Memorialcircuitisaneuralcircuitinchargeofmemory.
experiment dividing participants into two groups: Group A
LearnedHelplessness
finished the work without any interference, and Group B was
If one is repeatedly exposed to an unavoidable or
interferedwithandunabletocompletethework.Asaresult,it
insurmountablesituation,onebecomesdesperateandremains
wasfoundthatGroupBrememberedtwiceasmuchaboutthe
in the situation even if the one can overcome it with one’s
worktheydid.
own ability, which is called “Learned Helplessness.” In 1967,
Until now, eight years after the Sewol ferry disaster, the
American psychologists Martin Seligman and Steven Maier
bereaved families’ demands for investigation to find the truth
discovered this by chance while conducting an experiment
about culpability have continued. Meanwhile, some public
on 24 dogs. They first divided 24 dogs into three groups and
opinion has formed suggesting that the issue is over, as the
thenputtheminaseparateboxandgavethemelectricshocks.
punishment for the person in charge and compensation to
Group A was provided with an environment in which they
the bereaved families was made. In this social disaster, the
could stop the electric shocks by themselves by pressing the
ZeigarnikEffectisrelatedto“theNeedforCognitiveClosure.”
manipulator with their nose. Group B was provided with an
The term cognitive need for closure, proposed by American
environment in which electric shocks could not be avoided
socialpsychologistAriKruglanski,isthedesiretoachievean
even if the manipulator was pressed with their nose and no
unmistakable and firm conclusion when a human encounters
response could be made since their bodies were restrained.
any type of information. The inconclusive matters cause
Lastly, Group C was placed in the same box but did not have
confusion, uncertainty, or ambiguity, which subconsciously
electric shocks. After 24 hours, they were placed in each
evoke disgust in humans. The psychology behind the good
section of the box divided by a low partition enabling them
recollectionofwhatisnotcompletedconflictswiththedesire
to jump over it to avoid electric shocks. As a result, all three
to make a conclusion. According to Kruglanski, when the
20
www.theargus.org
Sewol Ferry Disaster: A ferry called “MV Sewol” capsized on April 16, 2014, near the coast of Jindo-gun,
Jeollanam-do, South Korea. Most of the people on board were high school students on a school trip, and 304 out
of 476 people died. It is the fifth highest casualty figure of a coastal accident in South Korea. At the time of the
accident, repeated announcements to stay in the ferry led to the evacuation being delayed and failure to respond
properly and efficiently, and eventually caused massive casualties. This incident is considered to show the current
stateofSouthKorea’ssafetymanagementmiredinsafetyinsensitivityandtheheightofachaoticsociety.
need for cognitive closure is strong, people tend to follow
PeopleSaying“Iamsickofit”
easy and straightforward opinions. When seemingly logical
reasonsarepresentedtogether,itiseasytofollowtheopinion.
ZeigarnikEffectandtheNeedforCognitiveClosure
Whether consciously or not, people are constantly concerned
Moreover, this phenomenon appears more frequently when
with unresolved problems and try to abruptly draw a
the person presenting the opinion has authority. In addition,
conclusion out of them. An incomplete solution that has not
prejudice affects decision-making, as it deepens distrust
received careful consideration thus seems to be constantly
and facilitates an unhealthy way of binary thinking. After
repeated in the memory circuit,* so the memory lasts longer
the Sewol ferry disaster, the government - in the position of
than the completed one, and this is called the “Zeigarnik
leadership-andthepresswithlogictoldthepublicthatthey
Effect.” Russian psychologist Bluma Zeigarnik discovered
uncovered the cause and punished the person responsible and
thislawbychancein1927throughawaiterworkingatacafe
the compensation for the bereaved families was completed.
in Austria. Zeigarnik, looking at the waiters receiving orders
Therefore, those saying “Isn’t it over?” are focusing only on
fromnumerouscustomers,askedawaiterwhatitemhehadjust
the fact that the legal process has been completed rather than
served to the table next to him. But the waiter, embarrassed,
onunderstandingwhythefamiliesarestillaskingfortruth.
scratched his head and replied that he could not remember
at all. Based on this experiment, Zeigarnik conducted an
*Memorialcircuit:Memorialcircuitisaneuralcircuitinchargeofmemory.
experiment dividing participants into two groups: Group A
LearnedHelplessness
finished the work without any interference, and Group B was
If one is repeatedly exposed to an unavoidable or
interferedwithandunabletocompletethework.Asaresult,it
insurmountablesituation,onebecomesdesperateandremains
wasfoundthatGroupBrememberedtwiceasmuchaboutthe
in the situation even if the one can overcome it with one’s
worktheydid.
own ability, which is called “Learned Helplessness.” In 1967,
Until now, eight years after the Sewol ferry disaster, the
American psychologists Martin Seligman and Steven Maier
bereaved families’ demands for investigation to find the truth
discovered this by chance while conducting an experiment
about culpability have continued. Meanwhile, some public
on 24 dogs. They first divided 24 dogs into three groups and
opinion has formed suggesting that the issue is over, as the
thenputtheminaseparateboxandgavethemelectricshocks.
punishment for the person in charge and compensation to
Group A was provided with an environment in which they
the bereaved families was made. In this social disaster, the
could stop the electric shocks by themselves by pressing the
ZeigarnikEffectisrelatedto“theNeedforCognitiveClosure.”
manipulator with their nose. Group B was provided with an
The term cognitive need for closure, proposed by American
environment in which electric shocks could not be avoided
socialpsychologistAriKruglanski,isthedesiretoachievean
even if the manipulator was pressed with their nose and no
unmistakable and firm conclusion when a human encounters
response could be made since their bodies were restrained.
any type of information. The inconclusive matters cause
Lastly, Group C was placed in the same box but did not have
confusion, uncertainty, or ambiguity, which subconsciously
electric shocks. After 24 hours, they were placed in each
evoke disgust in humans. The psychology behind the good
section of the box divided by a low partition enabling them
recollectionofwhatisnotcompletedconflictswiththedesire
to jump over it to avoid electric shocks. As a result, all three
to make a conclusion. According to Kruglanski, when the
20
www.theargus.org
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