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Cover Story
slant.”ThisisbecausemostwithASDhavedifficultyreading
many with ASD,
Learning
others’ emotions from their faces. The major treatments,
there are some
includingdiversetrainingsuchassensoryintegrationtherapy
who cannot use
ⓒStructural
usedtodecreasetheresponsetoastimulusandtoavoidusing
spontaneous
echolalia, are usually adaptations used with neurotypicals.
language samples*
Jang Ji-yong from Estas, the adult autistic self-advocacy
and some who do
group, said in an interview with the Hankyoreh that they
not have problems
learn emotions, jokes, and the way to look at one’s eyes
with language
whileconversing,withtheirhead,ratherthantheirheart,and
function and are
carry out these acts, which is called “masking.” Not all but
verytalkative.
manywithASDworkhardtohidetheirtrueselvesfromthe
The concept
▲ASD includes a wide range and diverse
majority.
of the spectrum
features,justlikearainbow.
The features of ASD, which include doing echolalia, not
may be hard to
beinggoodatreadingemotions,andnotunderstandingjokes,
understandbecausetheideawasnotintroduceduntilrecently.
arenotbadtraits.Thus,whyshouldtheyseektochangethese
The notion of ASD was first introduced in 2013 in the 5th
characteristics?ItisnotrighttoexpectthosewithASDtoact
revisedbilloftheDiagnosticandStatisticalManualofMental
like neurotypicals. This can tacitly cause a division between
Disorders (DSM) which the World Health Organization
peopleconsidered“normal”andthosewithASD.Mentioning
(WHO) made for objective diagnostic criteria. Before that,
dichotomousthinking,whichseparatesnormalandabnormal,
ASD was called autism and was used only to describe an
Kim said, “Everyone can have unusual aspects in their
individual who showed every feature of ASD, and it did not
lives, and these should be thought of as personal features.
include Asperger and savant syndrome, which are included
Society is not a place where a simple dichotomous view of
now. However, these criteria made diagnosis even harder,
normalandabnormalisappropriate,ignoringawholepartof
as ASD shows several categories of characteristics. This is
individual characteristics.” He also said it can be reasonable
because numerical categorizing is impossible in ASD, such
forthesakeofeconomy,butnotethicallyrighttobringsuch
as categorizing hearing impairment in decibels. This is the
a dichotomous attitude to the disorder. Because it is cheaper
reasonpeopleshouldfocusmoreonthe“spectrum”andless
to educate people separately on ASD and non-ASD, society
on“autism,”butsocietyhasgottenhungupon“autism.”
hasdisregardedtheirfeatures.
*Spontaneous language sampling: Expressing one’s intention to others’
questions, not just repeating a memorized utterance without knowing the real
meaning.
Cause
RemainsofOutdatedView
ChangingDefinitionofASD,UnchangingPerception
In 1948, the Times published an article that said, “It is like
ThecontroversyoverASDincurredbyshowsthatcoverASD
[keeping]themneatlyinarefrigeratorwhichdidn’tdefrost…”
including “Extraordinary Attorney Woo” is that people do
to describe leaving an ASD child with their parents. The
not understand the idea of a “spectrum.” According to Kim,
old misconception that ASD is caused by the cold reaction
ASD is often explained with the metaphor of a rainbow.
of parents started from Austrian lumber merchant Bruno
There is no color that can represent a rainbow. A rainbow
Bettelheim,whowasneitherapsychiatristnorapsychologist.
can be called a rainbow when many colors are gathered,
He took the view of Freudianism, which purported that
andeachcolorishardtobecalledarainbowbyitself.Thus,
mental illness was a psychological deficiency, a perspective
ASDshowsdiverseaspectsdependingonpeople,soWooor
from the 60s and 70s when brain science was not well
anyone else with ASD cannot represent every person with
developed.Hesuggestedthatchildrenwhowanttheirparents’
ASD. Although language utterance is a common feature of
13
OCTOBER 2022

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